マイチューターのGlobal Issues

Question：

http://www.mytutor-jpn.com/info/2017/1028194116.html
TED Talks オリジナル動画
たった一種類の動物しか診ない獣医を何と呼ぶでしょうか？それは医師です。魅力的なトークの中で、バーバラ・ナッターソン・ホロウィッツは、健康に対する種を跨ったアプローチがどのようにして人間という動物の医療 ― 殊に心の健康 ― を改善出来るかを語っています。

Part 1 (Comprehension Questions):

1. What is the talk all about?

2. What is the name of the sugar the speaker is talking about?

3. What part of our body is being coated with this sugar?

4. What type of cell have more sialic acid?

5. What type of cell protects our body from diseases?

.

6. In the picture slides shown by the speaker what color represents immune cells? Cancer cells?

7. What kind of medicine does the speaker’s team are developing in their

lab?

8. Who’s life was spared from malignant melanoma after taking new immune-stimulating drugs?

9. How does these new immune-stimulating drugs treat our body from cancer?

10. What danger the sialic acid (sugar) has to do with our body?

Part 2 (Express Yourself Questions):

1. What’s your blood type?

2. Is it important to know our blood type?

3. Does the blood type tell about the personality of an individual?

4. Do you think Cancer is to be feared of?

5. Is Cancer the most dangerous and deadliest sickness or disease?

6. What will you do if you’ll find out you have a certain type of Cancer?

7. How will you manage if a family member is diagnosed with a stage 3

Cancer?

8. In your opinion, what’s the best prevention of any type of Cancer?

9. Do you think cancer patient’s life is miserable or contented?

10. If given a chance to visit Cancer Patients’ Center or hospital, what would do to make them feel better?

11. Are you afraid to die?

12. What is your greatest fear?

13. How will we know that an individual is suffering from Cancer
without them telling us or us asking them?

14. Are you living a healthy lifestyle?

15. What is the most life-threatening disease you’ve encountered in
your life?

16. What defense mechanism do you know of cancer patients upon
their onset knowledge of the disease on their body?

17. Have you known any cancer patient who have been healed and
have a prolonged life even after the doctor concluded the number of years left for him to live?

18. How was it, in your opinion, to take care of a cancer patient?

19. Can we inherit cancer from our family or relatives?

20. What three things will you do if you only have 24-hours left to live
in this world?

Part 3 (Activity):    

Vocabulary Match

Part 1 (Comprehension Questions):

1. What is AI?

2. What is Todai Robot Project?

3. What are the two different types of exams in the University of Tokyo?

4. Can Todai Robot read and understand? Why?

5. For the second stage of the exam which is written test, how many words are required to write?

6. How does Todai answer a written test?

7. Does Todai write a better essay than most of the students who took the exam?

8. In the distribution gap that she shows with Todai and half a million students who took the same exam, how much percent does Todai got from the test? Is it capable to pass the exam?

9. What is lacking about the AI?

10.  In her statement what is the real meaning of knowledge for most of the students?

Part 1 (Comprehension Questions):

1. Who was the speaker in the speech?

2. Horowitz was a cardiologist that specializes what?

3  What was the chimpanzee’s problem and what favor the veterinarian ask to Horowitz?

4. Barbara Horowitz is currently working with two companies. What are those companies?

5. According to the speech, physicians and veterinarians were essentially taking care of the same disorders in their animal and human patients. Name three disorders that were mentioned in the speech.

6. How did Horowitz discuss the exciting connections of diagnoses between cardiologists and veterinarians about fear-induces heart failure?

7. How did Horowitz tackle the exciting connections of diagnoses between cardiologists and veterinarians about self-injury?

8. How did Horowitz tackle the exciting connections of diagnoses between cardiologists and veterinarians about postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis?

9. According to the speech, what do you call a veterinarian who can only care of one species?

10. At Zoobiquity conferences, what can participants learn?

Part 2 (Express Yourself Questions)

1. Should animals be kept in a zoo?

2. Do you agree that a dog is a man’s best friend? Why?

3. Have you ever seen a dog that helps people, such as one to assist a blind person or a policeman?

4. Do you think people should buy and wear fur coats?

5. Do you think it is acceptable to test cosmetics on animals?

6. Do you agree with testing on animals to find new medicines?

7. What do you think of hunting? Would you eat an animal that you killed yourself?

8. Do you think the most important thing by which psychopaths can be recognized is their attitude toward animals? Explain why.

9. Do you think it is a good pattern in general to judge people by their attitude toward animals? Explain why.

10. What do you think about GMO farm animals?

11.  Do you think people should be allowed to clone people or organs of people? Why?

12. Do you think that one-day science will find a way to make
people live forever? If so, do you think that that would be a good or a bad thing?

13. What do you think the worst disease to have would be?

14. What do you think about the health care system in your country? How could it be improved?

15. Do you think medicines are tested enough before they are put on the market?

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
名詞の不規則変化を文の中で正しく使うことでIELTS / TOEFL 　
スピーキングとライティングの評価を上げることができます。
Most of the nouns are made plural by adding “s” or “es” in the end.  Of course, we know that some nouns change their spelling or stay the same regardless of the number. They are called irregular-plural nouns. It is significant to know the rules of converting singular nouns to their plural forms because one reason is that, our English skill is better assessed and determined by other people based on how we talk about different nouns, and how we use them in sentences.
 
Below are the rules in changing irregular nouns to their plural forms:
以下は代表的な名詞の複数形不規則変化になります。

▮　「注意すべき集合名詞」　

fish やfruitなどそのままの形で「魚全般」「くだもの全般」を表します。
Some nouns never change their spelling and remain the same
when transformed to plural.
 
Fish-fish　　Fruit-fruit
例文：I saw a school of fish in the river (川の中に魚の群れが見えた)
例文：Does this tree bear much fruit? (この木には果物がたくさん実りますか)
 

▮　「単数形と複数形が同じ」

Deer-deer   Sheep-sheep   Means-means, 　 Species-species
例文：There are many sheep here.
 

 
 
 

 ▮　「不規則変化」 

Nouns that change some of their letters

in their plural form.

Woman-women
Child-children
Tooth -teeth
 

▮　複数形になると別の意味を持つ名詞

There are nouns which only have their plural forms.
 
Most of them come in pairs.
Scissor (切る)－scissors (はさみ)
Force (力)　–　forces　（軍隊）
Arm (腕)　―　arms  (武器)
Glass（グラス）― – glasses　（メガネ）
 

Force

Forces

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Regardless if there is only one piece of scissors,
we still use the plural form.
 
Example: Can you get the scissors on the table?
 
 
SPECIAL CASES:　不規則変化
There are, however, special cases in producing plural nouns:
 

▮　 外来語の複数形は、英語のルールに従っていないので注意

Examples are Latin and Greek words also have their own plural forms.
 
(is-es)
-basis to bases
-hypothesis-hypotheses
(a-ae)
Antenna-antennae
Alumna-alumnae
(us-i)
Nucleus -nuclei
Fungus-fungi
Alumnus-alumni
Cactus-cacti
Octopus-octopi
(on-a)
Criterion- criteria
Phenomenon-phenomena
 

▮　数字の複数形　語尾に-s を付ける

-We add s to numbers to make them plural.　
Example: There are many number 4s in your mobile number.
Please take away the 2s in this contact detail.
I was born in the 1980s.
(Note: To replace 19 in the statement, put apostrophe instead.)
 

▮　数字の語尾に-’s を付ける

I was born in the ‘80s.
 

▮　語尾に-s または-‘s を付ける

–To make the letters plural, add “s” to the capital ones and ‘s to the small cases.
Example: I got As on my exams.
                 We have to find the value of x’s in this mathematical problem.
 

▮　略語に　–s を付ける

 
-Simply add “s” for abbreviations.　　
Example: Can I have your IDs?
                      I have to go to the store to buy some CDs.
 
Note: There are many different rules to form the plural forms of nouns. However, there are some words now that have been accepted by experts of the language, and it sometimes vary to different places where English is used. Examples are octopuses, cactuses, and etc.
 
 
 

What are infinitives?　　　不定詞とは

 
to不定詞を使うと、１つの文と同じ内容を、もっと短く言い表すことができます。
言い換えれば、to 不定詞は「これから先のこと」について述べた文を
「圧縮」したものと言えます。
to 不定詞を正しく使うことで、IELTS,TOEFLなどのスピーキングや
ライティング試験では高評価を得ることができますのでしっかりと学習してください。
 

▮　to + 動詞の原形

to 不定詞の主な用法として文の中で名詞の働きをします　（名詞的用法）
 
Example: to +eat = to eat
To eat is what I really need right now after that long travel.
 
In this example, you can say that the phrase: to eat, does not function as
a verb but as a noun. In addition, it is the main subject of the sentence
talking about what the speaker really needs right now. And that is, to eat.
＜To eat は動詞としてではなく、名詞の働きをして文の主語になっています。＞
 
「名詞的用法」の他にも「形容詞的用法」、「副詞的用法」もあります。
例：I have a lot of homework to do.  「形容詞的用法」
：She is working hard to buy a car. 「副詞的用法」
 

▮　to を使いわない「原形不定詞　bare infinitive」

 
知覚動詞　+　O　+　動詞の原形
Another thing that confuses us to determine infinitives from verbs
is when we use infinitives without “to”, making it appear similarly to
an action word but with another purpose. We call these “bare infinitives.
” Bare or zero infinitives are special kinds of infinitives without
the use of “to.” Most of these are preceded by special verbs
(verbs of senses) such as hear, see, feel, smell, and taste.

 
 
 
 
 
 
hear, see, feel,のような知覚を表す動詞は、目的語の後に動詞の原形を置いて
「Oが〜するのを見る/聞く/感じる」という意味を表すことでできます。
 
The pattern is: special verb + direct object + bare infinitive
この形を取る動詞は知覚動詞と呼ばれ、
＜知覚動詞　+　O　+　動詞の原形＞という形で使われます。
 
Example:
I hear the birds chirp.  (hear+ the birds + chirp) I can hear the birds chirp.　
　（鳥の泣き声が聞こえる）
 
Instead of saying I can hear the birds (to chirp),
we take out the word “to” and retain the main verb.
 
Another example:  　I hate to see my boyfriend smoke. 　
私はボーイフレンドがタバコを吸うところを見るのが嫌だ
 
Note that with bare infinitives, we can never use the s-form of the verb
even when pertaining to a singular object.
 

▮　When to use Gerunds and Infinitives?　動名詞と不定詞使い分け

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Though we already learned the functions of both, we have to keep in mind
that there are some standards or rules set to determine
whether to use gerunds or infinitives.
 
動名詞　➡　習慣的行為、や一般論
We use gerunds if the actions are completed and fixed or when it refers to an activity.
Example: I like reading a lot.　　私は多読が好きだ
 
不定詞　➡　これから先のこと、可能性のあること
 
We use infinitives if the actions are not yet started (future), unreal, and abstract.
Example: I like to bake a cake on your birthday.
 

▮　目的語が動名詞と不定詞で意味が異なる他動詞

　forget / remember/regret  /try / stop

 
Keep in mind as well that choosing between gerunds and infinitives can change
the meaning of the entire sentence.
 

 「remember 」

Example:  I remembered to bring my coat.
＝ I remembered that I had brought my coat.
コートを忘れずに持って行ったことを覚えている
 
I remembered bringing my coat.
= I brought my coat and I remembered it
コートを持参したことを思い出しました
 

「regret 」

Example: I regret rejecting your offer.
あなたの申し出を断ったことを公開しています。
I regret to say that we must reject your offer.
残念ながら、あなたの申し出をお断りしなければなりません。
 
Therefore, it is important that we know their functions and differences
although they both act nouns in sentences.
 
 

▮　What are Gerunds?　動名詞

動名詞は文の補語や主語、目的語、そして前置詞の目的語となるという
名詞的な性質を持っています。
また、目的語を続けたり、副詞で修飾されるという動詞的な性質も持っています。
動名詞を使うことで、1つの文の内容を短く簡単に表現することができます。
「動名詞」を使いこなせばスコアアップは間違いありません！

動詞　+　“ing”

例　teach + ing  = teaching
Teaching is my passion.   教えることは私の情熱です。
この場合、動名詞”teaching” は　文の中で主語の働きをしています。
主語になれるのは名詞なのでteachingは名詞の働きをする動名詞ということになります。
 

▮　How to know if it functions as a noun in a sentence?

文の中で名詞の働きをしているかを調べる方法
 
“Who” または”What”で始まる疑問文の答えになれば名詞の働きであることが分かります。
What is your passion?   の質問の答えは　Teaching is my passion. になりますので、
Teachingは名詞の働きを持つと言えます。
 
他の例を挙げましょう。
Sheila loves to go mountain-climbing during spring.
シェイラは春に山登りに行くのが大好きです。

この場合、”climbing ”は “mountain ”といっしょになり、動詞として使われておりません。
“climbing”　は動名詞の名詞化したもので　名詞+名詞の構造です。
確認のために疑問文を使って解答してみます。
What does Sheila love to do during spring?
解答は
Sheila loves to go mountain-climbing during spring. になりますから、
名詞としての働き（動名詞）があることがわかります。
 

▮　When to use Gerunds?　動名詞の働き

主語になる動名詞　：　文の中の主語として動名詞を使います。
例：　Smoking is dangerous to your health.
Diving is not allowed in this pool.
 
 

▮　補語になる動名詞：　主語がどういうものなのかを説明するのは補語の役割

例：　My hobbies is reading books.
　　　主語はmy hobby（私の趣味）で、それがどういうものかを、
動詞のing形を使った　reading books (本を読むこと)で表しています。　
The hardest thing I can do right now is trying to sleep early.
 

▮　目的語になる動名詞：　Phrasal verbs (句動詞)の後にくる動名詞

《参考》Phrasal verbs (句動詞)とは動詞+前置詞（副詞）のかたまり、
日本語で言う「熟語」と同じ意味ですが、英文法用語では「句動詞」と呼びます。
例：　He kept on asking me for advice.
   I gave up trying to impress you all time.
 
Note :  不定詞を使わないように注意すべき表現
“to” を伴う句動詞の後は動名詞を使う（不定詞は使えない）
look forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to get around to, & to be used to.
 
to につられて動詞の原形を続けないように注意する
正　I look forward to seeing you soon. (I look forward to it)
誤　　I look forward to see you soon.
正　  I am used to being with you all the time. (I am used to it)
誤　I am used to be　with you all the time
 
 

▮　前置詞後に動名詞を使う

 
例：　 I love to be good at writing.
　　　私は書くことが得意です。
　　　この文では、前置詞atの直後にwritingというing形が続いています。
前置詞の直後には名詞が来るので、このwritingは、
名詞の働きをする動名詞です。
このように、動名詞は前置詞の目的語として使うこともできます。
 
      I can make it happen after experiencing all the dilemmas.
 

▮　compound nouns.（複合名詞）に動名詞を使う

例　: Denise invited me over to taste her mouth–watering dish.
デニスは彼女のおいしそうな料理をごちそうするために私を招きました。
Scuba-diving is one of the activities I want to try.

 

Question：

http://www.mytutor-jpn.com/info/2017/0715231851.html

TED Talks オリジナル動画

スクリーンに映る女性や少女たちはどれくらいいますか？社会科学者ステイシー・スミスは、メディアによって女性がどれほど過小評価されて描かれ、そうした描写が視聴者にどれほど破壊的な影響を与えているのかを考察します。ハリウッドに潜む性差別はデータに裏付けられています。それによれば、スクリーンに映る男性は女性の３倍を占めており、映画製作のスタッフ比率の格差はさらに大きいのです。

Question：

http://www.mytutor-jpn.com/info/2017/0715222554.html

TED Talks オリジナル動画

「争いは悪いものであり、妥協、合意、協力は良いものである」という一般的な常識に、弁護士であり、生命倫理学の専門家であるジョナサン・マークスが異論を唱え、政府が産業と協力すれば、国民の健康や人権そして環境が脅かされるという根拠を示します。「公益」と「共通基盤」は別物であると改めて実感させられる、今の時代にふさわしい重要なトークです。

Question：

http://www.mytutor-jpn.com/info/2017/0715233059.html

TED Talks オリジナル動画

アルツハイマー病があなたの脳の運命でなくてもいいのです—『アリスのままで』の著者リサ・ジェノヴァは言います。 この疾患の最新の研究を紹介するとともに、アルツハイマー病に強い脳を作るために私たち個人ができることについての有望な研究成果にも触れます