Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two different methods that the environmental movement uses to encourage people to care about conservation.
We all know about the Importance of conservation and keeping our environment clean. But how do we convince others to do the same thing? Well, there are many ways. But I want to tell you about two of the most effective ways. The first is by utilizing moral persuasion, and the second is by encouraging people to get involved by volunteering.By utilizing moral persuasion, we can appeal to people’s sense of morality. Does everyone remember Smokey the Bear?, His motto was; “Only you can prevent forest fires. ” You probably remember the TV cartoon character, but did you know Smokey was a real bear? Some firemen saved him from a forest fire. The National Forest Service used the image of a cute bear cub to encourage people to protect their environment and not start forest fires. They were using a cute animal to convey a moral message. Now, how about volunteering? Have you ever volunteered to pick up trash on the side of the road? Didn’t you feel great afterwards? Sure you did. You probably realized how much trash there was and how important it was to clean it up. If more people started volunteering to do this, they would reach the same conclusion. They’d get out, help clean and realize they should be more responsible.
メモ取り Question 4 リスニング
解答に役立つ要点のメモ取りが重要です。
効果的にメモを取り解答を組み立てる方法をマスターしましょう。
講義の内容は必ず主題（M),次にその主題を支える「理由/ポイント」(R/P),
「例、詳細」(E)、結論(C) （結論は省略しても構わない）が述べられます。
今回のリスニングの例だと
M
how do we convince others the Importance of conservation and keeping our environment clean.
R/P 1
utilizing moral persuasion
E 1
Smokey the Bear, who was used to help prevent forest fires. Smokey was a real bear that was saved from a forest fire, so the National Forest Service used his image as a cute bear cub to tell people they should be more concerned about protecting the environment
R/P 2
volunteering
E 2
When people volunteer, first they feel good about helping. Also, they see for themselves how much work there is to do and how they need to help, so they become more responsible.
▮ スピーキング
次にスピーキングの60秒間の中で話す内容を理解しましょう。
60秒間の中で話す内容は以下の5つです。
主題 (M) 講義の主題を述べます
構成(O) 主題の「理由/ポイント」(R/P)の数を述べます。（時に省略）
第一の理由/ポイント(R/P)と例、詳細(E)
第二の理由/ポイント(R/P)と例、詳細(E)
結論(C) 主題について再度のべます（時に省略）
● 模範解答 Sample Response
The professor mentions that environmentalists often use two ways to convince people that they should care about conservation. The first is to use moral persuasion. The professor mentions Smokey the Bear, who was used to help prevent forest fires. Smokey was a real bear that was saved from a forest fire, so the National Forest Service used his image as a cute bear cub to tell people they should be more concerned about protecting the environment. The other method that environmentalists use is to convince people to volunteer. When people volunteer, first they feel good about helping. Also, they see for themselves how much work there is to do and how they need to help, so they become more responsible.
STEP 1 | Reading 読解| Read the following an academic subject.
Creative Categorization
Marketing experts do their utmost to induce customers to purchase their products. Often, when faced with a product that, for whatever reason, does not appeal to a large segment of the population,marketers merely change the category it is in. This process is called creative categorization. By doing this, marketers can increase the appeal of a product. The two most common methods of creative categorization are to change the cost or design of a product. By doing so, products may go from being ones purchased by a small number of people to ones with mass appeal.
STEP 2 | Comprehending 読解力テスト | Answer the following questions to make sure you understand the reading
1. What do marketers attempt to do?
2 What do some marketers do when their products do not appeal to many people?
3 What is creative categorization?
4 What are the two most common ways marketers use creative categorization?
5 According to the passage, what is often the end result of creative categorization?
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5 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
Comprehending 解答例
1. Marketers attempt to get people to buy their products.
2. Marketers change the category of their products in these cases.
3. Creative categorization is making a product more appealing by changing the category in which it is included.
4. Marketers often alter either the price of design of a product to change its category.
5. The end result of creative categorization is that the product often develops mass appeal.
▮ Listen
STEP 3 | Listening & Note Taking | Listen to a lecture about the same topic, and take notes.
スクリプト
Imagine you’re a marketing executive and you have some products to sell. There may even be a huge section of society which doesn’t purchase your products. Well, there are a couple of ways to break into that market.You might try changing the price of your product. Did you know, for example, that watches were once regarded as expensive pieces of jewelry? Timepieces used to cost too much for most people. But most of you have watches, right? What happened? Well, one brilliant marketer started touting watches as fashion accessories. Sales of watches leaped dramatically. You can get watches for less than ten dollars nowadays, and they come in all kinds of styles. By changing the category into which watches fell, they began appealing to a greater number of people. Here’s another. Think about cell phones. At first, their use was limited, and only rich people or businessmen used them. However, companies began marketing them to the masses. Now you’ve got kids and grandparents with cell phones these days. Does a six-year-old kid need a phone? Not at all. But marketers have made it so that phones are no longer outrageously expensive. Likewise, they aren’t considered tools only for the rich or for businessmen anymore. They’re fashion devices now, almost like accessories for many people.
The professor describes how two different products began to appeal to a greater number of people. Explain how they are related to creative categorization.
STEP 4 | Organizing 解答の組み立て | Ask yourself the following questions and organize your ideas.
1 What does the professor say about a problem marketing executives may have?
2 According to the professor, what used to be true about watches?
3 How have people’s perceptions of watches changed today?
4 At first, who used to use cell phones?
5 What is true about cell phone usage today?
1 ___________________________________________
2 _________________________________________
3 _______________________________________________
4 _______________________________________
5 _______________________________________________
解答例
1. According to the professor, people often need an explanation when they do not understand something
2. The professor wanted to save some numbers on his cell phone but did not know how.
3. The professor’s friend showed him how to save numbers on his phone step by step.
4. The show .talked about cell phones; however, ultimately, the professor still had no idea how to use his phone.
5. He knew the theory behind how cell phones work but could not put it into practice.
STEP 5 | Response 解答作成| Make your response using the above information.
The subject of the talk is ____________________________________
STEP 6 | Speaking 解答| Now say your response out loud, and record your time. While you are speaking, do not look at the written response.
Response time 45 seconds Your speaking time seconds
STEP 7 | Compare 比較 | Listen to a sample response, and compare it with yours.
Sample Response 模範解答
The subject of the talk is how marketing executives can transform a product with low appeal to one that has mass appeal. The professor states that watches actually used to be very expensive and were considered jewelry. However, this changed when marketers began promoting them as fashion accessories, so now they’re both cheap and prevalent. The second example given is that of cell phones. The professor declares that they were once expensive and used exclusively by rich people and businessmen. However, once companies began marketing them to the masses, now even young children and the elderly have them, often as fashion accessories. As described in the reading, these are both examples of creative categorization. The reading mentions that this is putting an existing product into a new category, often by changing its price or design, in order to make it attractive to more people.
STEP 8 自己採点
Delivery
1 How clearly did you speak your response?
Language Use
2 How well did you control language structures to convey your ideas?
3 How appropriately did you use vocabulary to convey your ideas?
STEP 1 | Reading | Read the following an academic subject.
Keystone Species
Some animals have disproportionate, yet positive, effects upon their environments for a number of reasons. These animals are referred to by scientists as keystone species. They receive this moniker because, just like the keystone is the crucial stone in an arch that keeps it from falling, without the presence of a keystone species, a particular habitat would be changed considerably, often for the worse. Animals can be keystone species for many reasons. The most prominent keystone species are predators, but other animals can positively change their habitats in other ways like changing the environment or spreading nutrients through their habitats.
STEP 2 | Comprehending 読解力テスト | Answer the following questions to make sure you understand the reading
1 What is a keystone species?
2 What is the importance of the word “keystone”?
3 What would happen to a habitat without the presence of a keystone species?
4 What is the main way in which animals serve as keystone species?
5 What are some other ways in which animals can be keystone species?
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5 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
Comprehending 解答例
1. A keystone species is an animal that has a greater than normal effect on its environment.
2. The keystone is the most important stone in an arch, so a keystone species is the most important animal in its environment.
3. A habitat would change in a negative way without its keystone species.
4. The major way animals serve as keystone species is as predators.
5. Other ways animals can be keystone species are by changing their environments and spreading nutrients in their areas.
▮ Listen
STEP 3 | Listening & Note Taking | Listen to a lecture about the same topic, and take notes.
スクリプト
We’ve talked about some of the animals in Africa and the roles they play in their environments, but let me tell you about the most important one. Are you ready? It’s … the elephant. Really. I’m serious. Actually, the elephant is a keystone species in its part of Africa. Here, let me explain it. First, elephants have prodigious appetites. Do you know how much they eat daily? They chow down about 500 pounds of vegetation. Wow. Thanks to elephants, the areas in which they live don’t get overrun with plants. Why is this important? Well, if elephants weren’t there, their habitat would be filled with vegetation, which would cause most other animal species either to migrate or simply become extinct. They wouldn’t be able to handle the resulting new environment. Since they eat lots, elephants also defecate a lot. Because elephants are somewhat nomadic, they spread nutrients for the soil to absorb, and, through their waste, they essentially plant seeds, which will grow up to be plants that other animals can feed upon. Clearly, then, elephants are crucial to their environment.
Q The professor describes the importance of elephants to their habitats. Explain how the elephant’s importance relates to keystone species.
STEP 4 | Organizing 解答の組み立て | Ask yourself the following questions and organize your ideas.
1 What is the keystone species in Africa?
2 What is the importance of elephants eating so much vegetation daily?
3 What is the importance of elephants defecating in various places?
4 How do keystone species relate to elephants?
▮ Speak
STEP 5 | Response 解答| Make your response using the above information
The professor begins by telling__________________________________ _________________________________ According to the lecturer,____ ____________In the reading, ___________________________________
___________________________This represents the idea of___________
Something else to remember is ___________________________________
解答例
1. Elephants are the keystone species in Africa.
2. Elephants eat vegetation and keep plants from overrunning the region, which makes for a comfortable environment for many animals.
3. When elephants defecate in different places, they provide the soil with nutrients, and they spread different plants’ seeds, which will grow and then feed other animals.
4. Without elephants, Africa would be a drastically different place, so this makes them a keystone species.
STEP 6 | Compare 比較 | Listen to a sample response, and compare it with yours.
Sample Response 模範解答
The professor begins by telling the students that the keystone species in Africa is the elephant. He states that a keystone species is defined as an animal that has an incredibly large effect on its environment. While the most common keystone species are predators, there are other ways in which animals can serve as a keystone species. This is the case of the elephant. To begin with, elephants eat around 500 pounds of vegetation a day. This keeps the forest from expanding too much, something which would inconvenience other animals to the point that they would either migrate from the region or merely die off. Also, when elephants wander and defecate, they enrich the soil and plant seeds that will become other plants and trees. Animals can then use these new plants as food sources.
STEP 1 | Reading | Read the following an academic subject.
Animal Domestication
Animal domestication is done by asserting dominance. In accordance to their natural instincts, wild animals follow the dominant member of their herd. So people domesticate them by assuming the role of the dominant member .
STEP 2 | Note Taking メモ取り | Take notes on the reading
① Animal domestication : done by asserting dominance
② Possible : because animal’s instinct is to follow dominant member
STEP 3 |Organizing 解答の組み立て | Answer the following question using the above information.
Q : According to the passage, how is animal domestication done?
A : People act like the dominant member of the herd. That way, the other animals will follow them.
▮ Listen
STEP 4 | Listening & Note Taking | Listen to a lecture about the same topic, and take notes.
メモ取り
① Feral horses : have instinct to follow dominant male
② Domestication : done by taking dominant status out of male
スクリプト
All right. .. Let’s take a look at feral horses that live in the wild. Feral horses live in herds and are led by the dominant male horse. In order to domesticate these animals, humans have altered this behavior by eliminating dominant males. This means that no horse is dominant.
▮ Speak
STEP 5 | Response 解答| Make your response using the above information
Q : The professor describes feral horses. Example illustrates the principle of domestication
Your Response
People domesticate horses by becoming the dominant member of the herd. This is possible because horses are animals that the principles of animal domestication can apply to.
STEP 6 | Compare 比較 | Listen to a sample response, and compare it with yours.
Feral horses live in herds. And people domesticate the horses by eliminating the dominant males and taking the dominant position. This process is in line with the principles of domestication. According to the principle, animal domestication can be done by assuming the role of the dominant member.
The professor describes the behavior of the lungfish during the dry season. Explain how the lungfish’s behavior relates to dormancy.
Question 3 攻略法
それでは、解答法を順を追って解説していきます
▮ リーディング
先ほど使った”dormancy”をトピックにしたサンプル問題を見ていきましょう。
Dormancy
Some animals go through periods of their lives when they stop developing for some time. This period of time is called dormancy. When an animal is lying dormant, it has two primary characteristics. First, the animal engages in a very small amount of physical activity. Often, it barely moves, as it tends to stay in one place. Also, a dormant animal has very little need for nourishment. This is connected to the fact that it is not moving and not being active. For example, when bears hibernate in winter, they are engaging in a period of dormancy.
リーディングの内容は必ずアカデミックなトピックとその定義が含まれています。
今回の場合、トピックは” dormancy” で定義は” Some animals go through periods of their lives when they stop developing for some time” になります。
Now, most of you have probably heard about the lungfish and know that it is a species of fish that is actually capable of breathing air, hence the name lungfish. Well, that capability is integral to the survival of lungfish that live in Africa and South America. Here, let me tell you about what they do. Well, as you know, various places in Africa and South America have both rainy and dry seasons. During the dry season, the pools of water where the lungfish live often simply evaporate from the heat So, what do the lungfish do in order to survive? Well, they dig holes deep in the ground and cover themselves in slime and mud. This helps keep them cool In the heat. After that. they enter a period dormancy. This slows down their body functions considerably. For example their hearts might beat only three times a minutes, incredible, huh? And they might only breathe twice an hour. Simply put, they engage in almost no physical activity. They remain in this state for as long as the dry season lasts. Once the rain starts falling and the water returns, the lungfish can return to their normal existence of living in the water.
Some animals go through periods of their lives when they stop developing for some time.
3.教授の例は何か
次に教授が何の例について話しているか話します。
the lungfish and know that it is a species of fish that is actually capable of breathing air
4.教授の例がどのようにトピックを示しているか
教授の例がどんな例だったか、そしてそれがどのように今回のトピックを
説明しているかを話します。
When the dry season comes and its pools of water evaporate, the lungfish has to dig a deep hole in the ground to live in. It then covers itself with dirt and slime and promptly enters a period of dormancy. Dormancy is a time when an animal ceases developing and slows down its bodily functions. This is exactly what the lungfish does. It doesn’t move, it slows down its heart rate, and it breathes only two times an hour.
5. 結論 トピックについて再度述べます。
Because it is lying dormant, it doesn’t need any physical nourishment. This allows the lungfish to survive until the rains come back and create more pools of water for it to live in.
● 模範解答 Sample Response
In his lecture, the professor focuses on the lungfish, a species of fish in Africa and South America that can breathe air. When the dry season comes and its pools of water evaporate, the lungfish has to dig a deep hole in the ground to live in. It then covers itself with dirt and slime and promptly enters a period of dormancy. Dormancy is a time when an animal ceases developing and slows down its bodily functions. This is exactly what the lungfish does. It doesn’t move, it slows down its heart rate, and it breathes only two times an hour. Because it is lying dormant, it doesn’t need any physical nourishment. This allows the lungfish to survive until the rains come back and create more pools of water for it to live in.
STEP 1 | Reading 読解| Read the following passage about a campus situation.
Seniors Eligible to Teach Freshman Classes
Central University is beginning a new program in the fall semester Eligible seniors may now co-teach certain classes alongside a professor in their department. Students must have a 3.5 GPA both overall and in their major to qualify as teachers. This program should be of particular interest to students considering pursuing teaching careers-although that is not a requisite to become an instructor. Student-teachers will need to prepare lesson plans and make themselves available for office hours for their students as well. Inquire at the Student Services Office for more information.
STEP 2 | Comprehending 読解力テスト | Answer the following questions to make sure you understand the reading
1 What is the topic of the notice?
2 How can a student become eligible for this program?
3 What kind of GPA does a student need to participate in the program?
4 Which students in particular may be interested in this program?
5 What will students accepted to the program have to do?
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Comprehending 解答例
1. The topic of the notice is a new student-teaching program that the university has decided to create.
2. Students who are excelling academically both in their majors and overall may participate in the program.
3. Students must have GPAs of at least 3.5 in their major and overall in order to qualify as teachers.
4. Students considering teaching careers may be particularly interested in the program.
5. Students will have to turn in lesson plans and conduct office hours, which will give them valuable teaching experience.
▮ Listen
STEP 3 | Listening & Note Taking | Listen to a conversation on the same topic, and take notes.
スクリプト
W: What a silly idea! I can’t believe the school is
entertaining the notion of letting students teach classes.
M: It sounds intriguing to me.
W: You think so?
M: Why not? First, like the announcement says, it would be a great way to get some teaching experience. Think about it. .. It’d look great on an application to graduate school. It might help some students get accepted.
W: Okay, that’s good for the student-teacher, but what about the students taking the classes? I can tell you this … I wouldn’t want a student teaching my class. The student wouldn’t have nearly as much knowledge as a real professor.
M: Well, there is the prospect of that, but the student will just be co-teaching, so I’m not terribly concerned. Anyway, you know, I like the part about the student keeping office hours.
W: Because?
M: My professors are always busy and often don’t have time to chat. It’d be easier and, frankly, more comfortable, going to a student to ask my questions. It’s not like my questions are so difficult that an upperclassman wouldn’t be able to answer them.
The man expresses his opinion of the co-teaching program the university is creating. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.
STEP 4 | Organizing 解答の組み立て | Ask yourself the following questions and organize your ideas.
1 What is the man’s opinion of the new co-teaching program?
2 What does he think a result of the program will be?
3 In what way will that help the students in the future?
4 What does he feel about the student-teachers having to keep office hours?
5 How does he compare the time professors have to the time students have?
1. In the man’s mind, the program is a good idea and is worth supporting.
2. First, he thinks that doing student-teaching will benefit the students in the program.
3. He feels that putting it on their resumes will look good when they apply to graduate schools and might even help some of them get accepted.
4. Another reason is that he is encouraged by the fact that the student-teachers would have to keep office hours.
5. He mentions that most of his professors have no time , to chat, but he thinks students would.
▮ Speak
STEP 5 | Speaking 解答| Now say your response out loud, and record your time. While you are speaking, do not look at the written response.
Response time 45 seconds Your speaking time seconds
STEP 6 | Compare 比較 | Listen to a sample response, and compare it with yours.
Sample Response 模範解答
The topic of the notice is a new student-teaching program the university has decided to create. In the man’s mind, the program is a good idea and is worth supporting. He cites a couple of reasons to defend his opinion. First, he thinks that doing student-teaching will benefit the students in the program. He feels that putting it on their resumes will look good when they apply to graduate schools and might even help some of them get accepted. Another reason is that he’s encouraged by the fact that the student-teachers would have to keep office hours. He believes students having office hours is better than professors having them. He mentions that most of his professors have no time to chat, but he thinks students would. Also, most of his questions could be answered by upperclassmen, so he wouldn’t have to bother his professors so much.
STEP 7 自己採点
Delivery
1 How clearly did you speak your response?
Language Use
2 How well did you control language structures to convey your ideas?
3 How appropriately did you use vocabulary to convey your ideas?
