Some people think that government should spend as much money as possible on developing space technology for the exploration of the moon and other planets. Others think that this money should be spent on solving the basic problems of society on Earth. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Introduction (序論）
Society is often divided on major issues involving government spending. One group believes that we should spend as much money as possible on space exploration, while another group thinks that we should spend this money on solving basic social problems on Earth. I believe there are stronger reasons for spending on space technology because this leads to knowledge that will benefit society on Earth.
① 第1段落は、設問のトピックになります。
Society is often divided on major issues involving government spending.
② 次の段落は、設問にある文を解答者の言葉で言い換えています。
One group believes that we should spend as much money as possible on space exploration, while another group thinks that we should spend this money on solving basic social problems on Earth.
state that you disagree with a given statement; or
state which of two positions you hold on a given issue.
アウトライン(Outline) エッセイの本論を短くまとめる
アウトラインとは、これから書き出すエッセイの設計図のようなものです。
ブレインストーミングで書き出した理由と例・詳細を段落ごとに箇条書きにします。
ここでは、正確な文は必要ありません。 短く要点だけを書き出します。
アウトラインを書き出す前に、先ほど説明したthesis（あなたの意見）
は決まっていることが前提です。
ブレインストーミングで書き出したアイディア から2～４つの理由と例・詳細を
選びエッセイの本論(Body)として適切な順番に書き出していきます
それでは、実際の質問を使って、ブレインストーミング、Thesis, アウトライン
を書き出してみます。
▮ 質問
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers are responsible for motivating students to learn. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
● ブレインストーミング（Brainstorming）
Disagree-Student is responsible, not teacher
– self-motivated
– S not motivated, T can’t help
– People naturally want to learn
– my teacher – grade 5
– work/whole life
– learning – no teacher
● Thesis （主題文）
Although many people believe it is the teacher’s responsibility to motivate students to learn, students will not learn much unless they are self-motivated.
Some people take trips by themselves. Others take trips with groups of people. Which kind of trip do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your preference.
STEP 1 |Before you start(1)|Listen to the dialogue. Then, answer the questions to get some ideas about the subject.
スクリプト
W: What are you going to do for your spring break vacation, Henry?
M: I haven’t made any plans yet.
W: There’s a group from our dorm going skiing in Vermont.
M: Sounds good. Who’s going?
W: Let’s see, I think ten people. David, Alan, Joe, Steve,Tom …
M: Tom? No way. I’m not going anywhere with him.
W: Why not?
M: He’s cheap and never wants to spend his money. Besides, he can never make up his mind about anything. Anyway, in a group that size, there’s bound to be a problem.
W: Maybe you’re right. So what are you going to do?
He doesn’t want to go because of Tom’s character and because the group is too big.
Yes, he enjoys skiing because he said it sounded like a good idea.
STEP 2 |Before you start(2) | Now listen to the lecture. Then, answer the questions to get some ideas about the subject.
スクリプト
Tourism is big business all over the world. The package trip with a tour group is the most popular way to travel for the elderly, with almost 85% of tour group travelers being 50 years and older. Many hotels give discounts of up to 20% for large groups. On the other hand, for young travelers, backpacking remains popular, especially in Europe. Some travel alone while others go with friends, but young travelers almost never join tour groups. In a recent survey, the main reasons for not joining tour groups were the cost and desire to have a flexible schedule. However, young travelers, especially women, are advised to travel with others to avoid dangers.
1 Which two groups of people does the lecturer compare?
STEP 5 | Compare 比較 | Listen to a sample response, and compare it with yours.
解答例 A by myself
Of the two options, I would choose to travel alone than in a group. Firstly, by traveling alone, I can decide where to go and what to do. I don’t have to agree to do something just to make others happy. Also, I can be more flexible and change my mind. My trip can be more exciting and interesting than it would be if I had to follow a tour group’s set schedule. Secondly, I may not get along with the other people I’m traveling with. Everyone has different personalities. Some are lazy or cheap, and others can never make up their minds. If we have an argument, it could ruin the trip or even our friendship. So, I prefer to travel alone.
解答例 B with groups
I’d rather travel in a group than alone. To begin with, traveling in a group is safer than traveling alone. If I were alone, I might have some problems, yet no one could help me, especially in a foreign country where I don’t speak the language. If I’m with a tour group, the leader almost always speaks the local language. In addition, traveling with a group can give you and your travel partners man shared experiences and lots of good memories from the trip. Since it’s more interesting to travel with others, you can get memories from your trip that will last a lifetime. That is why I prefer traveling with a group of people.
When you go to Paris for the week, just take a carry-on. That way you can avoid the long line at baggage claim.
学校で教わる英語：
When you go to Paris for the week, just take a small bag which you can easily carry with you on the airplane. That way you can avoid the long line at baggage claim.
ネイティブのリアル発音:
When ya go da Paris fer the week, jus’ take a carry-on. That way you c’n avoid the long line ’it baggage claim.
同義語、類義語
a small bag which one can easily “carry on” and place in the airplane.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers are responsible for motivating students to learn. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
prefer型： 挙げられている2つの事柄や意見のうち、どちらを好むかを問うもの。
Some people like to spend their leisure time doing activities with a lot of people. Others prefer to spend their leisure in quiet ways by themselves or with one other person. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
❶ They help me stay focused on what I am studying.
❷ They help me gain a wider perspective on the subject.
STEP 3 |Response 解答| Make your response using the above information.
Example : I like studying in groups better than studying alone. First, when I am in a group, everyone can correct one another when we make mistakes. Second, we can explain the things that we do well to others. So, if I am good at something but some other members are not, I can explain it to them to help them understand.
Your Response _________________________________________________
STEP 4 | Compare 比較 | Listen to a sample response, and compare it with yours.
To tell the truth, I really prefer studying in groups. As a matter of fact, I often have trouble focusing when I study alone. But, when I study in a group, I can focus much better. And another thing is that if you study in a group, you can hear more opinions about the subject at hand. So the group helps me gain a wider perspective on the issue I am studying.
The article and the professor are both talking about ( A＆B ). However, the professor claims that ( B ), and he refutes the main points made in the reading passage. The three points of view between the two parties are presented as follows.
First of all, the professor argues that ( B ). This idea questions the article’s point of view that ( A ). In addition, she states that ( B ). She also mentions that ( B ).
Second, the professor takes the position that ( B ). This standpoint is also opposed to the claim in the passage that ( A ). In his opinion, he tells that ( B ). Furthermore, he notes that ( B ).
Finally, the speaker goes further to make a point that ( B ). This viewpoint also refutes the writer’s view that ( A ). In the lecture, she says ( B ). According to the lecture, the professor points out that ( B ). Therefore, the main points made by the professor cast doubt on the main points made in the reading passage.
A response at this level successfullyselectstheimportantinformationfromthe lecture and coherently and accuratelypresentsthisinformation in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.
Jane Austen (1775-1817) is one of the most famous of all English novelists, and today her novels are more popular than ever, with several recently adapted as Hollywood movies. But we do not have many records of what she looked like. For a long time, the only accepted image of Austen was an amateur sketch of an adult Austen made by her sister Cassandra. However, recently a professionally painted, full-length portrait of a teenage girl owned by a member of the Austen family has come up for sale. Although the professional painting is not titled Jane Austen, there are good reasons to believe she is the subject.
First, in 1882, several decades after Austen’s death, Austen’s family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters. Austen’s family clearly recognized it as a portrait of the author. So, for over a century now, the Austen family itself has endorsed the claim that the girl in the portrait is Jane Austen.
Second, the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandra’s sketch, which we know depicts Austen. Though somewhat amateurish, the sketch communicates definite details about Austen’s face. Even though the Cassandra sketch is of an adult Jane Austen, the features are still similar to those of the teenage girl in the painting. The eyebrows, nose, mouth, and overall shape of the face are very much like those in the full-length portrait.
Third, although the painting is unsigned and undated, there is evidence that it was painted when Austen was a teenager. The style links it to Ozias Humphrey, a society portrait painter who was the kind of professional the wealthy Austen family would hire. Humphrey was active in the late 1780s and early 1790s, exactly the period when Jane Austen was the age of the girl in the painting.
| リスニング レクチャー
レクチャー （スクリプト）
（赤） ： 解答例の構成に使われている要点。
The evidence linking this portrait to Jane Austen is not at all convincing. Sure, the painting has long been somewhat loosely connected to Austen’s extended family and their descendants, but this hardly proves it’s a portrait of Jane Austen as a teenager. The reading’s arguments that the portrait is of Austen are questionable at best.
First, when the portrait was authorized for use in the 1882 publication of her letters, Jane Austen had been dead for almost 70 years. So the family members who asserted that the painting was Jane had never actually seen her themselves. They couldn’t have known for certain if the portrait was of Austen or not.
Second, the portrait could very well be that of a relative of Austen’s, a fact that would explain the resemblance between its subject and that of Cassandra’s sketch. The extended Austen family was very large, and many of Jane Austen’s female cousins were teenagers in the relevant period, or had children who were teenagers. And some of these teenage girls could have resembled Jane Austen. In fact, many experts believe that the true subject of the portrait was one of those relatives, Mary Ann Campion, who was a distant niece of Austen’s.
Third, the painting has been attributed to Humphrey only because of the style, but other evidence points to a later date. A stamp on the back of the picture indicates that the blank canvas, you know, the actual piece of cloth on which the picture was painted, was sold by a man named William Legg. Records show that William Legg did not sell canvasses in London when Jane Austen was a teenager. He only started selling canvasses when she was 27 years old. So, it looks like the canvas was used for the painting at a time when Austen was clearly older than the girl in the portrait.
▮ Question
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific arguments made in the reading passage.
| 解答例
（青）： リーディングの要点。
（赤）： レクチャーの要点。
★ レクチャーの要点が中心に構成されているのがわかります
The lecture casts doubt and questions the evidence presented in the reading passage regarding a painting allegedly of Jane Austen.
First, about the family’s recognition of the painting as that of Jane’s as a teenager. The lecturer points out that in 1882, when the Austen family authorized the use of the painting as a portrait of Jane in the publication of her letters, Jane had been dead for 70 years. Hence, the family members who claimed this portrait to be of Jane’s probably have never seen her, and don’t necessarily know how she looked.
While the reading passage presents the resemblance of the face features to prove that the teenager in the portrait is indeed Jane, the lecturer sees otherwise: the teenager in the portrait could have been any cousin or niece of Jane. The lecturer claims that there was much to the date of the portrait based on the stamp on the canvas itself. According to the stamp it was sold by William Legg, who didn’t sell canvas in London when Jane was a teenager. He only began selling canvas in London when Jane was 27 years old.
