マイチューターの最新 勉強法＆攻略法

IELTSリーディング アカデミック: Table/Flowchart/Note/Diagram Completion 攻略

IELTSリーディングのアカデミックモジュールでは、Table、Flowchart、Note,Diagram Completionという形式の問題が出題されることがあります。これらの問題は、与えられた情報を適切に理解し、空欄に最適な語句を埋める（空所穴埋め問題）スキルを測定するものです。　解答は,ほとんどが名詞です。　

本稿では、各形式の特徴や攻略法、具体的な問題例と回答ヒントを紹介します。

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1. Table Completion（表完成）

特徴:

• 情報が表形式で整理されている。
• 空欄には1〜2語または数値が求められる。
• 同義語やパラフレーズが多用されるため、リスニングスキルも間接的に重要。

攻略法:

1. 見出しを確認する: 表全体のテーマや構造を理解する。
2. 文法に注目: 空欄の前後を見て適切な文法構造を推測する。
3. キーワードを特定: テキスト内の該当箇所を見つけるための手がかりを探す。

例題:

Year	Event	Number of Participants
2005	Launch of X	______
2010	Expansion	15,000

Question: Complete the table using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.

解答ヒント:

• テキスト内で”2005″と”Launch of X”を含む箇所を探す。
• “The launch of X in 2005 attracted 10,000 participants.”という記述があれば、答えは”10,000″。

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2. Flowchart Completion（フローチャート完成）

特徴：

• 解答がバラバラに出現する場合もある
• 矢印を参考に文の繋がりを把握する
• 解答の品詞を事前に考えると回答しやすい
• スキャニングが有効
• 解答は文字数の制限がある

攻略法：

1. フローチャートの構造を理解する

• フローチャートは一連のステップやプロセスを示しています。矢印や順序を確認し、どのような流れになっているのかを把握しましょう。
• 文章の流れに沿って情報を探すのではなく、プロセスの前後関係を理解することで、回答の位置を予測しやすくなります。
  
  

2. スキャニングを活用する

• フローチャートのキーワード（名詞や動詞など）を素早く特定し、それに関連する情報を本文から探します。
• 特に時間や手順に関する語（e.g., “next,” “then,” “after,” “process”）がヒントになるため、これらを意識してスキャンしましょう。
  
  

3. 品詞を意識して解答を予測する

• フローチャートの空所の前後を見て、求められる単語の品詞（名詞、動詞、形容詞など）を推測します。
• 例えば「Monarchs search for ______」のような文なら、空所には名詞が入ると予測できます。
  
  

4. 文字数制限に注意する

• 問題の指示に従い、「NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER」などの制限に注意してください。
• 不要な単語を入れずに、本文にある単語をそのまま使うことが重要です。
  
  

5. シノニム（同義語）を活用する

• 本文ではフローチャートに使われている単語とは異なる表現が使われることがあります。
• 例えば、「travel」という単語が問題にあった場合、本文では「migrate」という表現が使われている可能性があります。そのため、同義語を意識しながら読むことで、正確な回答を見つけやすくなります。

例題:

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1. The Migration Patterns of Monarch Butterflies

Monarch butterflies undertake one of the most remarkable migration journeys in the natural world, traveling thousands of kilometers across North America every year. Their migration is primarily driven by seasonal changes and the search for suitable breeding and feeding grounds. The migration cycle spans multiple generations, with different groups of butterflies contributing to the overall journey.

In the spring and summer months, monarch butterflies begin their journey northward from overwintering sites in Mexico and the southern United States. They travel to regions in the northern United States and Canada, seeking milkweed plants, which serve as both a food source and a breeding ground. The butterflies lay their eggs on milkweed leaves, ensuring that the next generation has access to nourishment upon hatching.

The northward migration occurs over several generations, each with a lifespan of a few weeks. As the butterflies progress further north, they reproduce and continue the cycle. The final generation to emerge in late summer is unique, as it does not reproduce immediately but instead prepares for the long journey back to warmer climates.

During autumn, the monarchs begin their southward journey. This generation, known as the migratory generation, is physically distinct from the earlier generations. They possess larger bodies and longer wings, which enable them to cover greater distances. Environmental cues such as temperature and daylight guide their navigation towards the forests of central Mexico.

Once they arrive in Mexico, the butterflies cluster in trees to survive the winter months. They enter a state of reduced metabolic activity to conserve energy. This period of dormancy is critical, as it allows them to survive until the return of warmer conditions.

Monarch butterflies face numerous challenges during their migration. Habitat destruction, climate change, and the reduction of milkweed plants due to agricultural expansion pose significant threats to their survival. Conservation initiatives focus on habitat restoration and public awareness campaigns to protect these vital pollinators.

Scientists study monarch migration using various methods, including tracking devices, citizen science initiatives, and genetic analysis. These approaches help researchers understand migration routes, monitor population trends, and identify critical habitats for conservation efforts.

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Flowchart Completion Questions

Complete the flowchart below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer.

1. Monarch butterflies leave (1) __________ in spring. ↓
2. Travel northward in search of (2) __________ plants. ↓
3. Multiple generations reproduce and continue migration. ↓
4. The (3) __________ generation begins the southward journey. ↓
5. Arrive in Mexico and cluster in (4) __________. ↓
6. Enter a state of reduced (5) __________ to survive winter. ↓
7. Threats include habitat loss and decline of (6) __________.

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Answer Key and Explanation

1. overwintering sites
   Hint: Second paragraph. The passage states that “Monarch butterflies begin their journey northward from overwintering sites in Mexico and the southern United States.”

2. milkweed
Hint: Second paragraph. Monarchs seek milkweed plants as both a food source and breeding ground.

3. migratory
Hint: Fourth paragraph. The passage mentions that the migratory generation is the one that embarks on the journey back south.

4. trees
Hint: Fifth paragraph. Monarchs cluster in trees to survive the winter months.

5. metabolic activity
Hint: Fifth paragraph. The passage describes how monarchs enter a state of reduced metabolic activity.

6. milkweed
Hint: Sixth paragraph. The passage highlights the reduction of milkweed plants as a major threat to their survival.

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3. 　Note Completion (メモ – 空欄穴埋め）

特徴：

●　用意されたNote(メモ）の抜けを埋めて完成させる形式です。
●　設問の順番は、本文に記載されている順番通りで解答できる場合が多い。

●　ONE WORD ONLY もしくは NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS という語数の指定があります。

例題：

The Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health and the Environment

Air pollution has become a critical issue affecting human health and ecosystems worldwide. It is primarily caused by emissions from industries, vehicles, and agricultural activities, releasing harmful substances like particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere. These pollutants have far-reaching consequences for both human health and the environment.

One of the most concerning impacts of air pollution is its effect on respiratory health. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and exacerbating conditions like asthma and bronchitis. Long-term exposure to polluted air is linked to severe diseases such as lung cancer and cardiovascular complications. Vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly, are particularly at risk. For instance, studies have shown a significant increase in hospital admissions for respiratory issues during periods of high air pollution.

Air pollution also has a substantial impact on the environment. Acid rain, formed when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water vapor, damages soil, water bodies, and vegetation. It alters the pH of aquatic ecosystems, making them unsuitable for many species. Additionally, the deposition of pollutants on leaves and soil can inhibit plant growth and reduce crop yields. Ozone, a secondary pollutant formed through the reaction of sunlight with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides, is particularly harmful to plant life. High levels of ozone can damage the leaves of plants, affecting their ability to photosynthesize and reducing agricultural productivity.

Another significant issue caused by air pollution is its contribution to climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), both greenhouse gases, trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Short-lived pollutants like black carbon also play a role in heating the atmosphere. Black carbon, produced from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, not only absorbs heat but also accelerates the melting of snow and ice in polar regions.

Efforts to combat air pollution include government regulations and technological advancements. Policies such as the implementation of emission standards for vehicles and industries aim to reduce the release of harmful pollutants. For example, the introduction of cleaner fuels and electric vehicles is helping to lower air pollution in urban areas. Technological innovations like air purifiers and carbon capture systems are also playing a significant role in mitigating the effects of air pollution.

Raising awareness about the dangers of air pollution is crucial for its prevention. Public campaigns and educational initiatives can help individuals adopt eco-friendly practices such as using public transportation, conserving energy, and supporting renewable energy sources. Collaborative efforts between governments, industries, and communities are essential to address this global challenge effectively.

Note Completion Task

Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

Effects of Air Pollution on Health:

• Fine particulate matter can cause (1) __________ in the lungs.

  
  

• Long-term exposure is linked to diseases like lung cancer and (2) __________ complications.

  
  

• (3) __________ populations are especially at risk, including children and the elderly.

  
  

Environmental Consequences:

• Acid rain damages (4) __________, water bodies, and vegetation.

  
  

• High levels of (5) __________ inhibit plant growth and reduce crop yields.

  
  

• Black carbon contributes to the melting of (6) __________ in polar regions.

  
  

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4. Diagram Completion（図表完成）

特徴:

• イラストや図表が与えられ、それを基に空欄を埋める。
• 形状や位置関係、説明文を理解する力が求められる。

攻略法:

1. 図を分析: 図のラベルや注釈を確認して、全体像を把握する。
2. 位置関係を意識: 空欄が図のどの部分に対応するかを明確にする。
3. 関連語句を抽出: 図とテキストの対応箇所を正確に見つける。

例題:

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Diagram of a Water Cycle:

• Evaporation
• Precipitation

Question: Label the diagram using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.

解答ヒント:

• テキスト内で”evaporation”と”precipitation”の間に当たる段階を探す。
• “After evaporation, condensation occurs as water vapor cools.”という記述があれば、答えは”Condensation”。

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共通TIPS

1. 時間配分を意識: 問題ごとに2〜3分を目安に解く。
2. 設問を先に読む: 質問内容を理解した上で、本文を読み始める。
3. パラフレーズに注意: 出題者は同じ単語を繰り返さないことが多い。
4. スペルミスに注意: 誤字は失点につながるため、慎重に書く。

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これらのアプローチとTIPSを実践することで、Table/Flowchart/Diagram Completionのスコア向上が期待できます。練習を重ね、効率的に解くスキルを磨きましょう！

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【IELTSリーディング 完全攻略】

IELTSリーディングテストは時間管理が重要です。できるだけ効率的に問題を解くためのポイントをご紹介します。

┃　IELTSリーディングテストの概要

IELTSのリーディングテストは、アカデミック・モジュール（以下アカデミック）とジェネラル・トレーニング・モジュール（以下ジェネラル）で出題形式が異なります。

アカデミックとジェネラルの両方で試験時間は60分、全40問です。設問の難易度や内容に差はありますが、どちらを受験しても公平にスコアが算出されるよう設計されています。

┃　アカデミックのリーディングテスト

アカデミックでは900～1,000語程度のパッセージが3つ出題されます。ジェネラルよりも難易度が高く、選択式問題の割合が多い傾向があります。

難易度が高い分、必要な正答数は少なく設定されています。例えば、バンドスコア6.0を獲得するには、23問以上の正解が求められます。

┃　ジェネラルのリーディングテスト

ジェネラルでは900～1,000語程度の長文1つと、約500語の短いパッセージ4つが出題されます。アカデミックよりもやや難易度は低いですが、記述式問題が多く、スペルミスなどに注意する必要があります。

また、問題の難易度が低い分、高得点を取るためにはより多くの正答が求められ、バンドスコア6.0を取るには、30問以上の正解が必要です。

┃　リーディングテストで役立つテクニック5選

試験本番で役立つ解答テクニックを紹介します。IELTSリーディングテストの時間不足を防ぐため、これらの方法を活用してください。

①長文ごとに時間を設定して解く
アカデミックでは60分で3つの長文、ジェネラルでは60分で1つの長文と4つの短文を解く必要があります。それぞれの長文に20分、短文には10分の時間制限を設け、時間内に終わらなかった場合は次に進むことを意識しましょう。

②設問を先に読む
本文を読む前に、設問に先に目を通し、どのような内容が問われるかを把握します。これにより、どこに注目して読めばよいかがわかり、効率的に解答できます。

③キーワードにマークをつける
人物には○、時間表現には二重下線、場所には△、出来事には□など、独自の記号をつけることで、後で該当部分を見つけやすくなります。

④わからない問題も埋める
答えがわからない問題でも、空白のままにせず何かしら記入することが重要です。空欄のままでは確実に不正解ですが、記入することで正解する可能性があります。

⑤横線を使って訂正する
試験では、書き間違えた部分は横線で訂正することが認められています。消しゴムを使うよりも時間を節約できるため、横線を活用することをおすすめします。

┃　まとめ
IELTSリーディングテストは、時間配分が成功の鍵です。本記事で紹介した5つのテクニックを活用し、素早く正確に解答できるよう練習してみてください。皆さんのIELTS試験の成功を応援しています。

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5. The Formation of Mountains: Geological Forces at Work

Mountains are among the most awe-inspiring natural features on Earth, formed through a combination of geological processes that shape the planet’s surface over millions of years. These towering landforms are primarily created by tectonic forces, volcanic activity, and erosion, each contributing to the diverse range of mountain types found across the globe.

The most common mechanism behind mountain formation is tectonic activity, which occurs when massive sections of the Earth’s lithosphere, known as tectonic plates, move and interact. When two plates collide, they generate immense pressure that forces the crust upward, forming fold mountains such as the Himalayas. These mountains, some of the tallest in the world, continue to rise as the plates press against each other. Conversely, when plates pull apart, block mountains can form as large sections of the crust break and shift vertically along faults. Examples of such formations include the Sierra Nevada range in North America.

Tectonic activity not only creates mountains but also influences seismic activity, with earthquakes frequently occurring in tectonically active regions. Scientists use seismic data and GPS mapping to monitor these movements and predict potential geological hazards.

Another significant contributor to mountain formation is volcanic activity. Volcanic mountains are formed when molten rock, or magma, rises to the Earth’s surface through fractures in the crust. Upon cooling, the magma solidifies, creating mountains such as Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount St. Helens in the United States. Unlike fold mountains, volcanic mountains can develop relatively quickly, often growing with each successive eruption.

Volcanic activity is not only responsible for mountain formation but also plays a critical role in shaping landscapes through lava flows and ash deposits. These materials can enrich the soil, making volcanic regions highly fertile for agriculture. However, eruptions can also pose significant risks to nearby populations, requiring constant monitoring and early warning systems.

Once mountains are formed, they are continuously shaped and reshaped by erosion and weathering. Wind, water, and ice gradually wear down mountain surfaces, transporting sediment and altering their appearance over time. Glacial erosion, in particular, is a powerful force that carves deep valleys and sharp ridges in mountain landscapes, such as those seen in the European Alps.

Weathering processes further contribute to the breakdown of rock materials, preparing them for transport by agents of erosion. Chemical weathering, driven by interactions with water and atmospheric gases, gradually weakens rock formations, while physical weathering processes, such as freeze-thaw cycles, cause mechanical breakdown of rock surfaces.

Mountains exert significant influence on regional climate patterns by acting as barriers to atmospheric circulation. When moist air masses encounter a mountain range, they are forced to rise, cooling and condensing to produce precipitation on the windward side. This phenomenon, known as orographic rainfall, creates lush vegetation and water resources. In contrast, the leeward side of the range often experiences dry conditions, leading to the formation of rain shadows.

Additionally, mountains provide unique habitats for diverse plant and animal species adapted to extreme conditions. These ecosystems, often referred to as alpine environments, host a variety of flora and fauna that have evolved to withstand low temperatures, high altitudes, and limited oxygen availability.

Advancements in technology have greatly enhanced our ability to study and monitor mountain formation processes. Scientists utilize satellite imagery, GPS mapping, and remote sensing techniques to track tectonic movements and volcanic activity. Such research is crucial for understanding Earth’s geological history and preparing for potential natural disasters associated with mountain formation processes.

Future research in the field aims to develop improved predictive models for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, ensuring better preparedness and resilience for communities living in mountainous regions. (597 Words)

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Table Completion Questions

Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Aspect	Process	Example
Tectonic Activity	Caused by plate (1) _____	Formation of the (2) __________
Volcanic Activity	Magma reaches (3) ______	Creates peaks like (4) __________
Erosion	Due to water, wind, and (5) ______	Carves valleys and shapes mountains
Monitoring	Utilizes GPS and (6) ______	Tracks tectonic changes

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Answer Key and Explanation

1. collision
   Hint: The passage states, “When tectonic plates collide, they force the Earth’s crust upward.”

2. Himalayas
   Hint: It mentions that the Himalayas were formed due to tectonic activity.

3. surface
   Hint: The passage describes how magma rises to the surface and solidifies to form mountains.

4. Mount Fuji
   Hint: Examples of volcanic mountains mentioned include Mount Fuji.

5. ice
   Hint: The passage mentions wind, water, and ice as factors causing erosion.

6. satellite imagery
   Hint: The passage states that advanced technologies such as satellite imagery and GPS help monitor tectonic activity.

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