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Lesson 23 　　Anime and Manga

Topic Question: What is the role of anime and manga in Japanese culture?

No. 1: Introduction- First, try answering the question yourself.

The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Anime and manga play a significant role in Japanese culture, serving as both a form of entertainment and a medium for storytelling that reflects societal values, challenges, and aspirations. These art forms have evolved from niche markets to global phenomena, influencing not just entertainment but fashion, language, and social norms. Anime and manga often explore themes of friendship, perseverance, and the conflict between traditional values and modern society, resonating with audiences worldwide. Moreover, they contribute to Japan’s soft power, promoting Japanese culture, language, and tourism. Events like anime conventions and manga cafes, as well as the use of anime characters in promotional campaigns, highlight their integral role in contemporary Japanese society.

No. 2: Vocabulary Building- 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

• Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Phenomena (現象, genshou): Observable events or occurrences, especially those that are extraordinary or very notable.

“Anime and manga have become global phenomena, attracting fans from all corners of the world.”

2. Resonate (共鳴する, kyoumei suru): To evoke or suggest images, memories, and emotions.

“The themes of loyalty and courage in many anime series resonate deeply with their viewers.”

3. Soft power (ソフトパワー, sofutopawā): The ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce, using cultural or ideological means.

“Japan’s soft power is significantly bolstered by the international popularity of its anime and manga.”

4. Conventions (コンベンション, konbenshon): Large meetings or conferences, especially those of members of a particular profession or group.

“Anime conventions are pivotal events where fans can meet, share their passion, and celebrate their favorite series.”

5. Promotional campaigns (プロモーションキャンペーン, puromōshon kyanpēn): Strategies designed to advertise a product or event to increase awareness or sales.

“Anime characters are often used in promotional campaigns, demonstrating their widespread appeal and marketing power.”

No. 3: Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“Life imitates art” (芸術は生活を模倣する, geijutsu wa seikatsu wo mohousuru) – Suggesting that art and entertainment influence our actions and understanding of the world.

“In the way that modern technology seems to reflect devices seen in science fiction anime, it’s clear that life imitates art.”

“The increase in people learning Japanese because of their love for manga shows how life imitates art, inspiring new cultural engagements.”

No. 4: Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Considering anime and manga’s global reach, what impact do you think they have on international perceptions of Japan? Do you believe their themes universally resonate, or are they more appealing to specific demographics?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s explore the diversity within anime and manga genres and how they cater to different audiences, including children, teens, and adults. How do these genres address various interests and societal issues? Furthermore, discuss the potential of anime and manga as educational tools, not just for language learning but also for understanding complex themes such as history, politics, and ethics. How does this reflect on their role in Japanese culture and beyond?

Lesson 25:　　Culinary Seasons

Topic Question: How do Japanese culinary practices reflect the seasons?

No. 1: Introduction－　First, try answering the question yourself.

The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Japanese culinary practices are deeply intertwined with the seasons, reflecting a profound respect for nature and its cycles. Seasonality in Japanese cuisine is not just about using seasonal ingredients but also about celebrating the transient beauty of each season. For example, spring dishes often feature cherry blossoms and young bamboo shoots, summer cuisine is light and cooling with an emphasis on fresh vegetables and seafood, autumn brings a bounty of mushrooms and root vegetables, and winter warms with hearty soups and hot pots. This adherence to seasonal eating not only ensures the freshest, most flavorful ingredients but also connects diners with the natural world, marking the passage of time through taste and presentation.

No. 2: Vocabulary Building- 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

• Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training)+ Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Seasonality (季節性, kisetsusei): The condition of being seasonal, especially in relation to food or farming.

“The seasonality of ingredients is crucial in Japanese cuisine, with dishes changing to match the time of year.”

2. Transient (儚い, hakanai): Lasting only for a short time; temporary.

“The transient beauty of cherry blossoms is celebrated with seasonal foods during spring.”

3. Bounty (豊富, houfu): A generous amount; abundance.

“Autumn brings a bounty of mushrooms to Japanese kitchens, each variety adding unique flavors to dishes.”

4. Hearty (たっぷりとした, tappuri to shita): Robust and fulfilling, especially in relation to food.

“Winter calls for hearty meals, and nothing beats the warmth of a traditional Japanese hot pot.”

5. Connects (繋ぐ, tsunagu): Brings together; establishes a relationship between.

“Eating seasonally connects us more deeply to the cycles of nature and the environment around us.”

No. 3: Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“A taste of the season” (季節を味わう, kisetsu wo ajiwau) – Appreciating or experiencing the unique flavors and sensations of a particular season.

“By enjoying sakura mochi in spring, you’re getting a taste of the season, with its sweet, floral essence capturing the essence of spring.”

“Eating grilled sanma in autumn is a way to get a taste of the season, as this fish is at its most delicious during the fall months.”

No. 4: Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How do you think the focus on seasonality and transient beauty in Japanese cuisine affects the way people relate to food and the environment?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s explore how the principles of seasonality and sustainability in Japanese culinary practices can offer lessons for global food culture. What are the benefits and challenges of maintaining a seasonal diet in modern society? How do other cultures reflect seasonality in their culinary practices, and what can we learn from them?

Lesson 24 　　Hanami

Topic Question: Can you explain the Japanese tradition of hanami?

No. 1: Initial Response.　　First, try answering the question yourself.

The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud – The instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Hanami, or “flower viewing,” is a cherished Japanese tradition that celebrates the beauty of cherry blossoms (sakura) and sometimes plum blossoms (ume). This event occurs in spring, typically between March and May, depending on the region. Families, friends, and coworkers gather in parks, gardens, and along riverbanks, where they enjoy picnics under the blossoming trees. The tradition is not just about admiring the beauty of the flowers but also reflects deep cultural meanings tied to the transient nature of life, as the blossoms briefly bloom and then quickly fade. Besides enjoying the scenic beauty, participants often partake in food, drinks, songs, and sometimes even karaoke, making hanami a highly anticipated social event in Japan.

No. 2: Vocabulary Enhancement－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings –

Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Cherry blossoms (桜, sakura): The flowers of the cherry blossom tree, symbolizing the fleeting nature of life in Japanese culture.

“The cherry blossoms in full bloom create a breathtakingly beautiful canopy of pink and white.”

2. Transient (儚い, hakanai): Lasting only for a short time; temporary.

“The transient beauty of the cherry blossoms reminds us to cherish each moment.”

3. Picnic (ピクニック, pikunikku): A meal taken outdoors as part of an excursion in pleasant surroundings.

“We had a delightful picnic under the cherry blossom trees, enjoying the scenic view.”

4. Anticipated (期待される, kitai sareru): Expected or predicted.

“The annual hanami season is highly anticipated by everyone in the community.”

5. Cultural (文化的な, bunkatekina): Pertaining to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society.

“Hanami is a cultural event that brings people together to appreciate the beauty of nature.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“Make hay while the sun shines” (好機を逃すな) – The idiom means to make the best use of an opportunity while it lasts.

“Just like we enjoy hanami during the short cherry blossom season, we should ‘make hay while the sun shines’ and seize good opportunities in life.”

“Given the brief blooming period, hanami teaches us to ‘make hay while the sun shines,’ appreciating beauty and opportunities in the present moment.”

No. 4: 　　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer

Instructor: Considering the emphasis on the fleeting beauty of cherry blossoms in hanami, how do you think this tradition influences the Japanese outlook on life and nature?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　　Free Discussion on the Topic

Let’s delve into the broader implications of cultural traditions like hanami. How do such traditions contribute to societal values and community spirit? Can you think of any traditions in your own culture that similarly celebrate natural beauty or the passage of seasons? How do they compare to hanami in terms of practices and underlying philosophies?

Lesson 22 Shichi-Go-San

Topic Question: How do Japanese people celebrate children’s milestones, such as Shichi-Go-San?

No. 1
First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud – The instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

In Japan, Shichi-Go-San is a traditional rite of passage and festival celebrated to bless the growth and well-being of young children, specifically girls aged three and seven, and boys aged three and five. The celebration takes place on November 15th, when parents dress their children in traditional attire—kimonos for girls and hakama for boys—and visit Shinto shrines to pray for their health and happiness. After the shrine visit, it’s customary for the children to receive “chitose-ame,” which are long, red and white candy sticks, symbolizing longevity and eternal health. The ritual signifies the parents’ gratitude towards the gods for their child’s growth and prays for a continued healthy life.

No. 2
5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings – Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Rite of passage (通過儀礼): A ceremony or event marking an important stage in someone’s life.

Graduation ceremonies are an important rite of passage for students.

2. Traditional attire (伝統的な衣装): Clothing that is representative of a culture’s traditional style.

For the festival, everyone wore traditional attire to celebrate their heritage.

3. Longevity (長寿): Long life; the fact of having a long life span.

A diet rich in fruits and vegetables is often associated with longevity.

4. Gratitude (感謝): The quality of being thankful; readiness to show appreciation for and to return kindness.

She expressed her gratitude to her mentors for their guidance and support.

5. Eternal (永遠の): Lasting or existing forever; without end.

The story speaks of an eternal love that defies time.

No. 3
Key Idiom and Example Sentences – Pronounce the Key Idiom Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Key Idiom Instantly

“Blessing in disguise” (不幸中の幸い)
Losing my job was a blessing in disguise because it led me to pursue my passion.

No. 4
Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: What significance do you think celebrating milestones like Shichi-Go-San has in modern Japanese society? How do similar celebrations in your culture compare?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5
Free Discussion on the topic
Let’s discuss the importance of cultural traditions in the modern world. How do traditions like Shichi-Go-San help maintain cultural identity and pass values to younger generations? Are there any traditions from your culture that have evolved but continue to hold significance today?

Lesson 21 　　”Onsen”

Topic Question: What are “onsen” and why are they popular in Japan?

No. 1
First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud – The instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

“Onsen” are natural hot springs and the bathing facilities that utilize their geothermally heated water, deeply ingrained in Japanese culture. They are popular due to their therapeutic qualities, believed to relieve various health issues from muscle pain to skin problems, thanks to the mineral content of the water. Beyond health benefits, onsen offer a unique way to relax and connect with nature, often located in scenic areas that enhance the experience. They are also a significant aspect of Japanese hospitality, with many inns and resorts offering onsen baths as part of the ultimate relaxation package. The ritual of bathing in an onsen, which involves cleansing the body before entering the water, reflects the Japanese value of cleanliness and the spiritual practice of purifying the body and mind.

No. 2
5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings – Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Therapeutic (治療の): Relating to the healing of disease.

Many people find gardening to be a therapeutic activity.

2. Mineral content (ミネラル含有量): The amount and type of minerals present in a substance.

The mineral content of this water makes it very beneficial for health.

3. Scenic (景色の良い): Providing or relating to views of impressive or beautiful natural scenery.

The scenic route to the mountain offers breathtaking views.

4. Hospitality (おもてなし): The friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.

The family’s hospitality made us feel right at home.

5. Purifying (浄化する): Removing contaminants from something.

The process of purifying water involves several filtration steps.

No. 3
Key Idiom and Example Sentences – Pronounce the Key Idiom Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Key Idiom Instantly

“Soak up the atmosphere” (雰囲気を楽しむ)
Visiting the old city at night allows you to really soak up the atmosphere.

No. 4
Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Considering the cultural and health aspects of onsen, how do you view their role in modern Japanese society? Are there similar practices in your own culture?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5

Free Discussion on the topic
Let’s explore the concept of therapeutic landscapes. How do natural environments contribute to our well-being? Can you think of places, like onsen, in your country or others that are sought after for their healing properties? How do cultural practices enhance the experience of these natural therapies?

Lesson 20 　　Wedding Ceremony

Topic Question: Can you describe a traditional Japanese wedding ceremony?

No. 1
First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud – The instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

A traditional Japanese wedding ceremony, often known as “Shinto wedding,” is a solemn and picturesque event that embodies the richness of Japanese culture and tradition. It usually takes place at a Shinto shrine, with the bride and groom wearing traditional attire – the bride in a white kimono called “shiromuku” and the groom in a black kimono called “montsuki” and “hakama.” The ceremony involves several rituals, including the “san-san-kudo,” a sake-sharing ceremony symbolizing the union of two families. The couple also makes offerings to the kami (Shinto deities) to bless their marriage. Elements like “nuptial cups” and “exchange of rings” have been incorporated into more modern ceremonies, blending tradition with contemporary practices. The ceremony is intimate, with only close family members attending, reflecting the Japanese value of harmony and respect.

No. 2
5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings – Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Solemn (荘厳な): Formal and dignified; serious.

The atmosphere in the courtroom was solemn as the verdict was announced.

2. Picturesque (絵のように美しい): Visually attractive, especially in a quaint or charming way.

The small village was picturesque, with its cobblestone streets and colorful houses.

3. San-san-kudo (三三九度): The sake-sharing ceremony in a traditional Japanese wedding, symbolizing the bond between the families.

The san-san-kudo ceremony was a beautiful moment, with both families sharing sake from three different cups.

4.Kami (神): Spirits or gods of the Shinto religion.

Many shrines in Japan are dedicated to various kami, each with their unique significance.

5. Harmony (調和): The combination of simultaneously sounded musical notes to produce a pleasing effect; or agreement or accord.

The team worked in harmony to complete the project ahead of schedule.

No. 3
Key Idiom and Example Sentences – Pronounce the Key Idiom Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Key Idiom Instantly

“Tie the knot” (結婚する)
After dating for five years, the couple decided it was time to tie the knot.

No. 4
Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How do traditional elements of a Japanese wedding ceremony reflect the cultural values of Japan? How do you think these traditions compare to wedding customs in other cultures?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5
Free Discussion on the topic
Let’s explore how wedding ceremonies serve as a reflection of cultural identity. What unique wedding traditions exist in your culture or others you know of? How have modern influences changed traditional wedding practices in various cultures?

Lesson 19 　　Castles

Topic Question: What are the historical and cultural significance of Japanese castles?

No. 1
First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud – The instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Japanese castles, known as “shiro,” are not only architectural marvels but also symbols of Japan’s feudal history and cultural heritage. Built primarily during the Sengoku period, these castles served as military fortresses, residences for lords and samurai, and centers of government. Their strategic locations and construction techniques reflect the ingenuity of Japanese warfare and defense. Beyond their military function, castles like Himeji and Matsumoto are treasured for their aesthetic beauty, incorporating elements of traditional Japanese garden design and art. They play a crucial role in festivals and local traditions, acting as enduring symbols of the regions they reside in. Today, these castles stand as monuments to Japan’s rich history, attracting tourists and serving as sites of cultural education and pride.

No. 2
5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings – Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Feudal (封建的な): Relating to the social system in medieval Europe, where people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return.

The feudal system structured much of historical society and politics.

2. Sengoku period (戦国時代): A period in Japanese history marked by social upheaval, political intrigue, and nearly constant military conflict.

The Sengoku period was a time of great change and is a popular setting for historical dramas.

3. Strategic (戦略的な): Relating to the identification of long-term or overall aims and interests and the means of achieving them.

Choosing a strategic location for the new office was crucial for the business.

4. Aesthetic (美的な): Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.

The aesthetic appeal of the garden makes it a peaceful place to visit.

5. Enduring (長持ちする): Lasting over a period of time; durable.

The enduring legacy of classical literature continues to influence modern writers.

No. 3
Key Idiom and Example Sentences – Pronounce the Key Idiom Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Key Idiom Instantly

“Stand the test of time” (時の試練に耐える)
The principles laid out in the constitution have stood the test of time.

No. 4
Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How do you think the preservation of Japanese castles contributes to contemporary Japanese culture and identity? Are there parallels in how other cultures maintain their historical sites?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5
Free Discussion on the topic
Let’s discuss the role of historical structures in education and national identity. How do historical sites in your country contribute to cultural pride and learning? What measures are in place to preserve these sites for future generations?

Lesson 18 　　Work-Life Balance

Topic Question: How do Japanese people view work-life balance?

No. 1

First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud – The instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

The concept of work-life balance in Japan is complex, deeply influenced by the country’s strong work ethic and the traditional value placed on dedication and hard work. Historically, many Japanese workers prioritized their jobs above personal time, leading to the phenomenon known as “karoshi,” or death from overwork. However, recent trends show a growing awareness and pursuit of work-life balance among the younger generation, who value personal time and well-being. The government and some companies have begun to implement policies aimed at reducing overtime and encouraging flexible working hours, reflecting a slow but noticeable shift towards a more balanced approach to work and life.

No. 2

5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings – Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly


1. Complex (複雑な): Consisting of many different and connected parts.

Human emotions are complex and can vary greatly from person to person.

2. Dedication (専念): The quality of being committed to a task or purpose.

Her dedication to her studies resulted in excellent grades.

3. Karoshi (過労死): Death caused by overwork or job-related exhaustion.

Karoshi is a serious issue in Japan, prompting discussions on work culture reform.

4. Awareness (認識): Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.

There’s a growing awareness of the importance of mental health in society today.

5. Flexible (柔軟な): Capable of bending easily without breaking; willing to change or compromise.

Flexible working hours have contributed to a better work-life balance for many employees.


No. 3

Key Idiom and Example Sentences – Pronounce the Key Idiom Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Key Idiom Instantly

“Burn the candle at both ends” (両端からろうそくを燃やす、つまり過度に労働すること)
Working full-time while studying has me burning the candle at both ends.


No. 4

Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How feasible do you think it is to achieve a satisfactory work-life balance in Japan’s current work culture? What changes would you like to see to promote a healthier balance?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5

Free Discussion on the topic
Let’s discuss the impact of work-life balance on personal and professional development. How does your culture approach work-life balance, and what lessons could be learned from Japan’s experiences? What strategies do you employ to maintain your own work-life balance?

Lesson 17 　　Diet and Its Evolution

Topic Question: What is a typical Japanese diet, and how has it evolved?

No. 1
First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud – The instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

The typical Japanese diet is renowned for its emphasis on fresh, seasonal ingredients, including a wide variety of seafood, vegetables, rice, and noodles. Historically, this diet was influenced by Buddhist principles, which encouraged a vegetarian lifestyle. However, the introduction of Western foods and cooking techniques in the Meiji era led to an evolution in the Japanese palate. Today, while traditional dishes like sushi, sashimi, and tempura remain staples, the diet has diversified to include meats, dairy, and other international cuisines. Despite these changes, the foundational principles of balance, moderation, and respect for ingredients persist, contributing to Japan’s low obesity rates and high life expectancy.

No. 2
5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings – Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Seasonal (季節の): Occurring at or dependent on a particular season.

Seasonal fruits often taste better and are more nutritious.

2. Vegetarian (菜食主義の): A person who does not eat meat or fish, and sometimes other animal products, especially for moral, religious, or health reasons.

Becoming a vegetarian has led me to discover a variety of new and delicious vegetables.

3. Palate (味覚): A person’s ability to taste and enjoy food.

Traveling abroad can greatly expand your palate.

4. Staples (主食): Basic or principal food items.

Rice and beans are staples in many cultures around the world.

5. Diversified (多様化した): Made or became more diverse or varied.

The company has diversified its product line to include digital services.

No. 3
Key Idiom and Example Sentences – Pronounce the Key Idiom Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Key Idiom Instantly

“Breaking bread” (食事を共にする)
Breaking bread with people from different cultures has taught me a lot about tolerance and understanding.

No. 4
Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Considering the evolution of the Japanese diet, what aspects do you think should be preserved, and what could be improved upon? How does the Japanese diet compare to dietary trends in your country?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5
Free Discussion on the topic
Let’s discuss the impact of globalization on traditional diets. How have global food trends influenced the eating habits in your country? Do you think the benefits of a diversified diet outweigh the potential loss of traditional food practices?

Lesson 16 　　”Kawaii”

Topic Question: Can you explain the concept of “kawaii” and its significance in Japanese culture?

No. 1
First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer－ Let’s read aloud　－　Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

The concept of “kawaii” in Japanese culture encompasses more than just the notion of cuteness; it represents an aesthetic that can be found in everything from fashion and art to everyday objects and public behavior. Kawaii has its roots in the rebellion against traditional norms, offering a way to express individuality and non-conformity through adorable designs and characters. It holds significant influence in Japanese media, including anime, manga, and idol culture, shaping consumer preferences and global perceptions of Japanese pop culture. Beyond mere aesthetics, kawaii embodies a deeper cultural value of innocence, youthfulness, and positivity, making it a pervasive element of Japanese society.

No. 2
5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

1. Aesthetic (美的): Pertaining to beauty or the appreciation of beauty.

The minimalist aesthetic of the room brings a sense of calm and order.

2. Rebellion (反抗): An act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler.

The designer’s bold colors and unconventional shapes were seen as a rebellion against traditional fashion.

3. Non-conformity (非遵守): Failure or refusal to conform to a prevailing rule or practice.

Her choice of quirky accessories is a statement of non-conformity.

4. Idol culture (アイドル文化): A phenomenon in popular culture, typically in music and entertainment, where young performers are idolized by fans.

Idol culture has a massive following, with fans dedicating time and resources to support their favorite stars.

5. Pervasive (普及している): Spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people.

Smartphones have become so pervasive that it’s hard to imagine life without them.

No. 3
Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“Breaking the mold” (型破り)
By introducing kawaii elements into traditional art, the artist is breaking the mold and attracting a younger audience.

No. 4
Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How do you think the concept of kawaii influences international views on Japan? Do you believe the kawaii culture has the potential to change societal norms beyond Japanese borders?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5
Free Discussion on the topic
Let’s discuss the globalization of the kawaii aesthetic. How has kawaii culture been adopted or adapted in your country? Are there any local trends or products inspired by kawaii? How does kawaii compare to similar concepts of cuteness in other cultures?