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Lesson 33 　Innovators and Inventors

Topic Question: “Who is a well-known Japanese inventor or innovator, and what did they create?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Consider Japanese individuals who have made significant contributions to technology, science, or any field through innovation or invention. Think about what they created and its impact.

▮ Sample Answer

“A well-known Japanese inventor is Akio Morita, co-founder of Sony. He played a key role in the development of the Walkman, transforming how people listen to music worldwide.”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Inventor (発明家): A person who creates something that has never before been created.
2. Co-founder (共同創設者): A person who, in conjunction with others, establishes a company or enterprise.
3. Development (開発): The process of creating or improving a product or technology.
4. Walkman (ウォークマン): A portable cassette player that allowed people to listen to music on the go.
5. Transform (変革する): To make a thorough or dramatic change in the form, appearance, or character of.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. Who is Akio Morita?
2. What did Akio Morita contribute to?
3. How did the Walkman impact music listening habits?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

should

You should do something = it is a good thing to do; it is the right thing to do:
● Tom doesn’t study enough. He should study harder.
● It’s a good movie. You should go and see it.
● When you play tennis, you should always watch the ball.

Should I/we do something? = is it a good thing to do?
● Should I invite Karen to dinner?
● Should we make something special for dinner？

We often say I think…should
● I think Lisa should buy some new clothes.
(= I think it is a good idea.)

I don’t think…should … :
● I don’t think you should work so hard.
(= I don’t think it is a good idea.)

Do you think…should … ?:

●　Do you think I should buy this hat?

Should is different from have to.
● I should study tonight, but I think I’ll go to the movies.
● l have to study tonight. I can’t go to the movies.

Another way to say should is ought to:
● I ought to study tonight, but I think I’ll go to the movies. (= I should study)
● I think Lisa ought to buy some new cloches. (= Lisa should buy)

Example Sentences:

1. You should learn about Akio Morita’s innovations to understand modern technology’s evolution. (Advising on a beneficial action.)
2. Should we teach more about Japanese inventors in schools? (Questioning the benefit of an action.)
3. I think the world should recognize more Japanese innovators for their contributions. (Expressing an opinion on what ought to be done.)
4. Do you think I should study the history of technological innovations in Japan? (Seeking advice on a beneficial action.)

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself:

Lesson 32 　Samurai Warriors

Topic Question: “Who was a famous samurai warrior in Japan, and what did he do?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Consider renowned samurai warriors from Japanese history and their contributions, achievements, or the legendary tales associated with them.

▮ Sample Answer

“One famous samurai warrior in Japan was Miyamoto Musashi. He was known for his dual-bladed swordsmanship and undefeated record in duels. Musashi also wrote ‘The Book of Five Rings,’ a classic on strategy and combat.”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Samurai (侍): A member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan.
2. Swordsmanship (剣術): The skills of fighting with a sword.
3. Duels (決闘): Contests with deadly weapons between two people, following a formal procedure.
4. Strategy (戦略): A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim.
5. Combat (戦闘): Fighting between armed forces.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. Who was Miyamoto Musashi?
2. What is Miyamoto Musashi famous for?
3. What did Miyamoto Musashi write?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

must

A: We use must when we believe that something is true.
● You worked 10 hours today. You must be tired.
● My brother has worked at your company for years. You must know him.

We use must not when we believe that something is not true.
● The phone rang eight times and Karen didn’t answer. She must not be at home
●　Carlos takes the bus everywhere. He must not have a car.

B: Must has another meaning. You must do something = 1t is necessary to do it.
● You must be careful with this knife. It’s very sharp.
● Workers must wear safety glasses　at this machine.

For the past (yesterday, last week, etc.), we use had to. . . (not must).
● They were in a dangerous situation. They had to be careful.
(not They must be careful.)

● We had to wear safety glasses　when　we visited the facrory last week .
　　(not We muse wear)

You must not do somethmg = 1t 1s necessary not to do it; it is the wrong thing to do.
● Bicyclists must not ride on the sidewalk.

(= they must ride in the street)

Example Sentences:

1. Musashi must have been extremely disciplined to master his swordsmanship. (Believing something is true based on evidence or reasoning.)
2. Musashi must not have feared his opponents, given his undefeated record. (Believing something is not true based on evidence or reasoning.)
3. To become a samurai like Musashi, one must practice daily. (Expressing necessity.)
4. During his time, Musashi had to travel extensively for his duels. (Expressing necessity in the past.)

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself:

Lesson 31 　 Seasonal Foods

Topic Question: “Can you tell me about some foods that are unique to each season in Japan?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Think about the diverse seasonal foods that Japan offers. These could include fruits, vegetables, fish, and dishes that are particularly associated with or celebrated in specific seasons.

▮ Sample Answer

“In Japan, spring features sakura mochi, summer is known for unagi to beat the heat, autumn brings kaki (persimmons), and winter is the season for nabe (hot pot) dishes.”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Sakura mochi (桜餅): A pink, sweet rice cake wrapped in a cherry leaf, often eaten during the cherry blossom season.
2. Unagi (うなぎ): Freshwater eel, commonly eaten during the summer to gain stamina.
3. Kaki (柿): Persimmons, a sweet fruit that is harvested in the autumn.
4. Nabe (鍋): A Japanese hot pot dish, perfect for sharing during the cold winter months.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. What is a typical spring food in Japan?
2. How do people in Japan traditionally combat the summer heat through their diet?
3. What fruit is associated with autumn?
4. What type of dish is popular in the winter?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

can and could

A: 　I can do something = I know how to do it, or it is possible for me to do it:
● I can play the piano. My brother can play the piano, too.
● Sarah can speak Italian, but she can’t speak Spanish.
● “ Can you swim?” “Yes , but I’m not a very good swimmer.”

B: 　For the past (yesterday / last week, etc.), we use could/ couldn’t:
● When I was young, I could run very fast.
● Before Maria came to the United States, she couldn’t understand much English.
　　Now she can understand everything.
● I was tired last night , but I couldn’t sleep.

C: 　Can you… ? Could you… ? Can I… ? Could I.. . ?

We use Can you… ? or Could you… ? when we ask people to do things:
● Can you open the door, please ? or Could you open the door, please’
● Can you wait a minute, please? or Could you wait … ?

We use Can I have… ? or Could I have… ? to ask for someth111g:
●(in a store) Can I have change for a dollar, please ? or Could I have… ?

Can I… ? or Could I… ? = is it OK to do something ?:
● Tom, can I borrow your umbrella ? or Tom, could I borrow your umbrella’
●(on the phone) Hello , can I speak to Gary, please ? or . .. could I speak … ?

Example Sentences:

1. I can taste the difference between summer and winter nabe; the ingredients change with the season. (Expressing ability in the present.)
2. When I was a child, I could eat a lot of sakura mochi during the spring festival. (Expressing ability in the past.)
3. Can you recommend a place where I can try authentic unagi this summer? (Asking for a favor or suggestion.)
4. Could I have some kaki if I visit Japan in autumn? (Politely asking for something.)

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself:

Lesson 30 　 Hot Springs (Onsen)

Topic Question: “Why are hot springs especially popular in Japan during the winter?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Think about the reasons behind the popularity of hot springs (onsen) in Japan during the colder months. Consider aspects such as cultural significance, health benefits, and the unique experience they offer.

▮ Sample Answer

“Hot springs are popular in Japan during winter because they offer a warm retreat. They’re believed to have healing properties and provide a unique way to enjoy nature’s beauty while relaxing.”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Hot springs (温泉): Natural springs of warm or hot water, often rich in minerals.
2. Retreat (避難所): A place of refuge or rest.
3. Healing properties (治癒効果): Characteristics or effects that aid in healing or relieving health issues.
4. Unique (ユニークな): Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else.
5. Relaxing (リラックスする): Reducing tension or anxiety.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. What makes hot springs popular during winter in Japan?
2. What benefits do hot springs offer?
3. How do hot springs provide a unique experience?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

might

A:

might + base form ( might go / might be / might rain, etc,),

B:　 I might = it is possible that I will:
●　I might go to the movies tonight, but I’m not sure. (= it is possible that I will go)
●　 A: 　When is Rebecca going co call you?
　　B: 　I don’t know. She might call this afternoon.

●　Buy a lottery ticket.　You might be lucky. (= perhaps you will be lucky)
●　“ Are you going out tonight?” 　”I might.” (= I might go out)

Study the difference:
●　I’m playing tennis tomorrow. (sure)
●　I might play tennis tomorrow.(pssible)

●　Rebecca is going to call later. (sure)
●　Rebecca might call later.(possible)

C: 　May
You can use may in the same way. I may = I might:
●　I may go to the movies tonight. (= I might go)
●　Sue may not come to the party. (= Sue might not come)

Example Sentences:

1. We might visit an onsen this weekend if the weather is cold. (Expressing a possibility based on conditions.)

2. The hot springs might be crowded because of the holiday. (Acknowledging the possibility of a situation.)

3. You might find the hot springs relaxing after skiing. (Suggesting a possible benefit.)

4. I might not go out tonight; I’m thinking of staying in and watching a movie instead. (Expressing uncertainty about plans.)

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself:

Lesson 29 　 Fireworks (Hanabi)

Topic Question: “Why are fireworks so popular in Japan during the summer?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Think about the cultural and social significance of fireworks in Japan during the summer season. Consider the history, traditions, and the atmosphere they create.

▮ Sample Answer

“Fireworks are popular in Japan during summer as part of traditional festivals. They symbolize celebration and the fleeting nature of beauty. Families and friends gather at events to enjoy the spectacular displays together.”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Fireworks (花火): Devices that produce a display of light and noise, often used for celebrations.
2. Traditional (伝統的な): Relating to customs or beliefs passed down from generation to generation.
3. Symbolize (象徴する): Represent or identify by a symbol.
4. Fleeting (はかない): Lasting for a very short time.
5. Spectacular (壮観な): Beautiful in a dramatic and eye-catching way.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. What do fireworks symbolize in Japan?
2. Why do people gather for fireworks displays?
3. What aspect of beauty do fireworks represent?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

will　 2

A: 　You can use I’ll… (I will ) when you offer something or decide to do something:

●　My suitcase is very heavy. I’ll carry it for you.

We often say I think I’ll… / I don’t think I’ll… when we decide to do something:

● I’m tired. I think I’ll go to bed early tonight.

　

Do not use the simple present (I go / I call, etc.) in sentences like these:
● I’ll call you tomorrow, OK? (not I call you)

　

B: 　Do not use I’ll… for something you decided before
● I’m working tomorrow. (not I’ll work)
● There’s a good program on TV tonight. I’m going to watch it. (not I’ll watch)

　

C: 　Shall I … ? Shall we… ?

Shall I / Shall we… ? = Do you think this is a good thing to do? Do you think th is 1s a good idea?
● It’s very warm in this room. Shall I open the window?

●　It’s a nice day. Shall we g o for a walk?

We use should in the same way.
● Should I call you tonight?　OK.
● It’s a nice day. Should we go for a walk?

Example Sentences:

1. I’ll meet you at the fireworks festival tonight. (Offering or deciding at the moment to do something.)
2. It looks like it’s going to rain. I think I’ll bring an umbrella. (Deciding to do something based on the situation.)
3. Shall we find a spot near the river for the best view? (Suggesting an action as a good idea.)
4. I’m going to take lots of photos at the event. (Expressing a plan decided before.)

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself:

Lesson 28 　 Golden Week

Topic Question: “What is Golden Week, and how do people in Japan spend it?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Consider the significance of Golden Week in Japan, including when it occurs, why it’s important, and common activities or traditions associated with this holiday period.

▮ Sample Answer

“Golden Week is a series of holidays in late April and early May in Japan. People often travel, visit family, or enjoy outdoor activities. It’s a busy travel time nationwide.”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Series (一連): A number of events, objects, or people of a similar kind or related nature coming one after another.
2. Holidays (休日): Days of festivity or recreation when no work is done.
3. Travel (旅行): To make a journey, typically of some length.
4. Family (家族): A group consisting of parents and children living together in a household.
5. Outdoor activities (アウトドア活動): Recreational activities engaged in outside, often in natural settings.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. What is Golden Week in Japan?
2. How do people typically spend Golden Week?
3. Why is it a busy travel time?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

will 1

A:

will + base form (will be / will win / will come, etc.):

’11 = will: I’ll (I will) / you’ll / she’ll, etc.
won’t = will not: I won’t (= I will not) / you won’t / she won’t, etc.

B: 　We use will for the future (tomorrow / next week, etc.):

●　Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Los Angeles.T omorrow she’ll be in Mexico City.
　　Next week she’ll be in New York.

●　I won’t be here tomorrow. (= I will not be here)
●　Don’t drink coffee before you go to bed.You won’t sleep.

We often say I think … will… :
●　I think Kelly will pass her driver’s t est.
●　I don’t think it will rain this afternoon.

C:　We do not use will for things we have already arranged or decided to do

●　We’re going to the movies on Saturday. Do you want to come with us?
(not We will go)

Example Sentences:

1. Many people will travel during Golden Week.
2. I think the parks will be very crowded.
3. We won’t stay home; we’ll visit our relatives in the countryside.
4. Traffic will likely be heavy during Golden Week.

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself:

Lesson 27 　Snow Festivals (Yuki Matsuri)

Topic Question: “Can you tell me about a famous snow festival in Japan?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Think about well-known winter events in Japan, focusing on a festival that celebrates snow through sculptures, art, and community activities.

▮ Sample Answer

“The Sapporo Snow Festival is famous in Japan. It features giant snow sculptures and ice art. Held in February in Sapporo, Hokkaido, it attracts millions of visitors from around the world.”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Festival (祭り): An event, usually and often staged by a local community, that centers on and celebrates some unique aspect of that community and the Festival.
2. Sculptures (彫刻): Three-dimensional artworks created by shaping or combining hard materials.
3. Ice art (氷の芸術): Artistic works made from ice, often seen in sculptures or installations.
4. Sapporo (札幌): The capital city of Hokkaido, Japan, known for its annual snow festival.
5. Hokkaido (北海道): The northernmost prefecture of Japan, famous for its cold winters and natural beauty.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. What is the name of the famous snow festival in Japan?
2. Where and when is the Sapporo Snow Festival held?
3. What attractions does the Sapporo Snow Festival feature?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

I’m going to…

A:　 I’m going to do something

We use am/is/are going to… for the future:

B: 　I am going to do something = I have decided to do it; my intention is to do it:

●　I’m going to buy some books tomorrow.
●　I’m not going to have breakfast this morning. I’m not hungry.
●　What are you going to wear to the wedding next week?
●　Your hands are dirty.” “Yes, I know. I’m going to wash them.

C: 　Something is going to happen

Something is going to happen = we can see now that it is sure co happen:

●　Look at the sky! It’s going to rain.
(black clouds now → rain)

●　Oh, no! It’s 9:00, and I’ m not ready.
　　I’m going to be late.
　　(9:00 now/ and not ready→ late)

Example Sentences:

1. I’m going to visit the Sapporo Snow Festival next year.
2. The city is going to be very busy during the festival.
3. I’m going to take many pictures of the ice sculptures.
4. We’re going to dress warmly for the festival.

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself:

Lesson 26　　Autumn leaves (Koyo)

Topic Question: “Where can I see the best autumn leaves in Japan?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Consider the most famous locations in Japan for viewing autumn leaves, known as koyo. Think about areas with historical significance, natural beauty, or particular trees that are renowned for their fall colors.

▮ Sample Answer

“The best autumn leaves can be seen in Kyoto, especially at temples like Kiyomizu-dera and Arashiyama’s bamboo forest. Hokkaido’s Daisetsuzan National Park is also spectacular for its early autumn colors.”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Autumn leaves (紅葉): The changing colors of leaves in the autumn season.
2. Temples (寺): Religious buildings dedicated to worship, found throughout Japan.
3. Kiyomizu-dera (清水寺): A historic temple in Kyoto known for its scenic views.
4. Arashiyama (嵐山): A district on the western outskirts of Kyoto, famous for its bamboo groves.
5. Daisetsuzan National Park (大雪山国立公園): Japan’s largest national park, located in Hokkaido, known for its rugged mountains and early autumn foliage.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. Which city is recommended for viewing autumn leaves?
2. Name a temple in Kyoto that is a great spot for autumn leaf viewing.
3. Where in Hokkaido can you see spectacular autumn colors?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

What are you doing tomorrow? (present continuous for future plans)

A:

We use am/is/are + -ing(present continuous) for something happenmg now:

●　Where are Sue and Amanda?　　They’re playing tennis in the park.

We also use am/is/are + -ing for the future ( tomorrow / next week, etc.):
●　 Andrew is playing tennis tomorrow.

B: 　I am doing something tomorrow = I have arranged to do It,
I have a plan to do it:

● Sophie is going to the dentist on Friday.
(= she has an appointment with the dentist)

● We’re having a party next weekend.

C: 　Be careful! Do not use the simple present (I stay / do you go, ere.) to say what somebody
has arranged to do:

● I’m staying at home this evening. (not I stay)
● Lisa isn’t coming to the parry next week. (not Lisa doesn’t come)

But we use the simple present for schedules (buses, movies, classes, etc.):

●　The plane arrives in NewYork at 7:30 tomorrow morning.
●　What time does the movie end tonight?

Example Sentences:

1. I’m visiting Kiyomizu-dera tomorrow to see the autumn leaves.
2. We’re exploring Arashiyama’s bamboo forest next week.
3. The tour group is heading to Daisetsuzan National Park for the early autumn colors.

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself:

Lesson 25 　 Summer Festivals (Matsuri)

Topic Question: “What kind of festivals happen in Japan during the summer?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Think about the types of festivals that are held in Japan during the summer months. These can include cultural, religious, or modern festivals that attract locals and tourists alike.

▮ Sample Answer

“During summer in Japan, people celebrate many festivals like Tanabata, Obon, and fireworks festivals. Tanabata involves writing wishes on paper, Obon honors ancestors, and fireworks festivals light up the night sky.”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Festivals (祭り): Public celebrations or gatherings with specific themes or purposes.
2. Tanabata (七夕): A Japanese festival based on a legend, celebrated by writing wishes on strips of paper.
3. Obon (お盆): A Buddhist event for commemorating one’s ancestors.
4. Fireworks (花火): Explosive devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes, typically during celebrations.
5. Ancestors (先祖): Family members from past generations.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. What is Tanabata, and how is it celebrated?
2. What purpose does the Obon festival serve?
3. What is a common feature of summer festivals in Japan?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

Regular and irregular verbs

A: 　Regular verbs
The simple past and past participle of regular verbs is -ed:
clean → cleaned　/　 live → lived　/ paint→painted　/ study → studied

● I cleaned my room yesterday.
● Charlie studied engineering in college.

Past participle
have/has + past participle

● I have cleaned my room.
● Tina has lived in Miami for 10 years.

be (is/are/were/has been, etc.) + past participle

●　These rooms are cleaned every day.
●　My car has been repaired.

B: 　Irregular verbs
The simple past and past participle of irregular verbs do not end in -ed:

Sometimes the simple past and past participle are the same. For example:

●　I made a cake yesterday. {simple past)
●　I have made some coffee.(past participle – present pe,fect)
●　Butter is made from milk.(past participle – present passive)

Sometimes the simple past and past participle are different. For example:

●　Somebody broke this window lase night. (simple past)
●　Somebody has broken this window.(past participle – present perfect)
●　This window was broken lase nighc.(past participle – past passive)

Example Sentences:

1. People celebrate the Tanabata festival by writing wishes.
2. Obon has been observed for centuries in Japan.
3. Fireworks light up the sky during summer festivals.
4. Many ancestors are honored during the Obon festival.

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself:

Lesson 24 　 Cherry Blossom (Sakura) Viewing

Topic Question: “How do Japanese people enjoy cherry blossom season?”

▮ Try Answering the Question Yourself
Consider the various customs and activities that are part of enjoying cherry blossom (sakura) season in Japan. These might include outdoor activities, special foods, or traditional events.

▮ Sample Answer

“Japanese people enjoy cherry blossom season by having picnics under the trees. They gather in parks with family and friends to eat, drink, and enjoy the beautiful sakura. It’s called ‘hanami.'”

▮ Words to Learn and Their Meanings about Sample Answer
　－Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Cherry blossom (桜): The flower of the cherry tree, known for its beauty and significance in Japanese culture.
2. Picnics (ピクニック): Outdoor meals where food is eaten in a scenic or informal setting.
3. Parks (公園): Public areas of land, usually in cities, for recreational use.
4. Hanami (花見): The traditional Japanese custom of enjoying the transient beauty of flowers, typically cherry blossoms.
5. Sakura (桜): The Japanese term for cherry blossom.

▮ Answer the Instructor’s Questions Based on the Sample Answer

1. What activity do Japanese people commonly do to enjoy cherry blossom season?
2. Where do these activities typically take place?
3. What is the term for enjoying the cherry blossom view?

▮　Mastering Middle School English Grammar

be/have/do in present and past tenses

A: 　Be (= am/is/are/was/were) + -ing (cleaning/working, etc.)

● It isn’t raining right now.
● What are you doing tonight?

● I was working when she arrived.
● It wasn’t raining, so we didn’t need an umbrella.

B:　Be + past participle (cleaned/made/ eaten, etc.)

● I’m never invited to parties.
● Butter is made from milk.

●　The office was cleaned yesterday.
●　 These houses were built 100 years ago

C:　Have/has + past participle (cleaned/lost/eaten/been, etc.)

● I’ve lived in chis house for 10 years.
● Tom has never ridden a horse.

D: 　Do/does/did + base form (clean/like/eat/go, etc.)

● I like coffee, but I don’t like tea.
● Chris doesn’t go out very often.

● I didn’t watch TV yesterday.
● It didn’t rain last week

Example Sentences:

1. People are gathering in the parks now for hanami.

2. The cherry trees were planted decades ago.

3. I’ve attended hanami every year since moving to Japan.

4. We didn’t go to the park last year.

Make Sentences Based on the Above Example Sentences Yourself: