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Lesson 39 　　Rakugo and Kabuki

Topic Question: 　Can you explain the Japanese tradition of storytelling through “rakugo” and “kabuki”?

No. 1:　 Introduction– First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Rakugo and Kabuki represent two distinct but equally captivating forms of traditional Japanese storytelling. Rakugo, a form of comic monologue, relies on the skill of the storyteller to bring characters to life using only minimal props and changes in tone and pitch. The essence of rakugo is to entertain while providing a humorous perspective on human nature and societal norms. Kabuki, on the other hand, is a theatrical performance that combines drama, music, dance, and elaborate costumes and makeup to tell stories. Originating in the Edo period, Kabuki is known for its stylized performance and the unique way it portrays historical narratives, moral conflicts, and love stories. Both forms of art are deeply rooted in Japanese culture, reflecting the values, humor, and aesthetics of the society from which they emerged.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

1. Monologue (独演, dokuen): A long speech by one actor in a play or movie, or as part of a theatrical or broadcast program.

“A rakugo performance is essentially a monologue, where the storyteller plays multiple characters.”

2. Props (小道具, kodōgu): Articles or objects used on stage or screen to help enhance a performance.

“Despite rakugo storytellers using minimal props, such as a fan and a small cloth, they effectively bring their stories to life.”

3. Elaborate (精巧, seikō): Involving many carefully arranged parts or details; detailed and complicated in design and planning.

“Kabuki theatre is known for its elaborate costumes and makeup, which are integral to the storytelling.”

4. Stylized (様式化, yōshikika): Art that represents objects in an exaggerated way to emphasize certain aspects of the object.

“The stylized acting and visual elements of Kabuki make it a unique and captivating form of art.”

5. Aesthetics (美学, bigaku): A set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art.

“Both rakugo and kabuki have their own unique aesthetics that reflect the cultural and historical context of their times.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“A picture is worth a thousand words” (一画千言) – This idiom expresses that a complex idea can be conveyed with just a single image, or that an image can tell a story just as well as a large amount of descriptive text.

“In kabuki, the elaborate costumes and makeup serve as ‘a picture worth a thousand words,’ conveying characters’ roles and emotions instantaneously.”

“Similarly, the minimalistic setting of rakugo challenges the storyteller to paint vivid pictures with words, proving that ‘a picture is worth a thousand words’ in the imagination of the audience.”

No. 4:　　 Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How do rakugo and kabuki reflect changes in Japanese society over the centuries?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve into the evolution of rakugo and kabuki throughout Japanese history. How have these storytelling forms adapted to changing societal norms and technological advancements? Discuss the modern interpretations and presentations of rakugo and kabuki. How do they maintain their traditional essence while appealing to contemporary audiences? Additionally, consider the role of these storytelling traditions in educating and connecting people with Japanese culture and history. What do you think the future holds for rakugo and kabuki?

Lesson 38 　 Shinto

Topic Question: 　What is “shinto” and how does it manifest in daily life?

No. 1: Introduction – First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Shinto, or the way of the gods, is the indigenous spirituality of Japan and its people. It is characterized by the worship of kami, which are spirits associated with natural phenomena, ancestors, and historical figures. Shinto’s influence extends beyond religious practices into daily life, reflecting in rituals, festivals, and even in the respect for nature and cleanliness. Its practices are deeply integrated into the Japanese lifestyle, evident in the numerous shrines across Japan, traditional ceremonies, and the celebration of seasonal festivals. Shinto emphasizes harmony with nature and the community, impacting environmental attitudes and social behaviors. It is not just a religion but a way of living that cherishes the coexistence with the spiritual world.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Kami (神, kami): Spirits or gods in Shinto, associated with natural phenomena, ancestors, or historical figures.

“Many Japanese people visit shrines to pay respects to kami, seeking their blessings for prosperity and protection.”

2. Shrines (神社, jinja): The sacred places in Shinto for worshipping kami.

“The Ise Grand Shrine is one of the most significant and revered Shinto shrines in Japan, attracting millions of pilgrims annually.”

3. Rituals (儀式, gishiki): A set of actions performed mainly for their symbolic value, prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community.

“Traditional Shinto rituals often involve offerings, prayers, and dances to honor and appease the kami.”

4. Festivals (祭り, matsuri): Public celebrations or gatherings in Japan, often with religious significance in Shinto, celebrating the seasons, kami, or historical events.

“The Gion Matsuri, celebrated in Kyoto, is one of the most famous Shinto festivals, known for its elaborate floats and processions.”

5. Purity (清浄, seijō): The state of being physically and spiritually clean, an essential aspect of Shinto practices.

“Purification rituals are common in Shinto to cleanse the body and spirit before participating in ceremonies or entering sacred spaces.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“To live in harmony with nature” (自然との調和を生きる) – This phrase captures the essence of Shinto, emphasizing the importance of coexisting peacefully with the natural world and its spirits.

“Shinto teaches us to live in harmony with nature, respecting every mountain, river, and forest as the dwelling places of kami.”

“In daily life, this principle can be observed in the meticulous care Japanese people take of their surroundings, embodying a profound respect for nature.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How does Shinto influence modern Japanese society, especially in the context of technology and urbanization?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s explore further how Shinto’s emphasis on nature and purity is reflected in contemporary Japanese culture. Consider how traditional Shinto values coexist with the fast pace of modern life. How are festivals, rituals, and daily practices adapting to the modern world? Discuss the role of shrines in urban settings and how they serve as a connection to nature and tradition amidst city life. Additionally, contemplate the future of Shinto in preserving Japanese cultural identity and environmental consciousness.

Lesson 37　　 “Omiyage”

Topic Question：　Can you describe the Japanese practice of “omiyage”?

No. 1: 　Introduction – First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer－ Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.　　　 　　　　

Omiyage, a deeply ingrained custom in Japanese culture, refers to the practice of buying gifts for family, friends, and colleagues upon returning from a trip. Unlike souvenirs intended for personal keepsakes, omiyage are meant to be shared, serving as a gesture of thoughtfulness and inclusivity. This tradition emphasizes the importance of social bonds and the value of sharing one’s travel experiences with others. Omiyage are typically local specialties or foods from the visited area, carefully selected to represent the region’s unique culture and flavors. The practice also reflects the Japanese principles of courtesy and respect, as giving omiyage helps maintain harmonious relationships and expresses gratitude for the recipient’s support or friendship.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building – 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Custom (慣習, kanshū): A traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time.

“Omiyage is a custom that underscores the importance of community and thoughtfulness in Japanese society.”

2. Gesture (身振り, miburi): A movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express an idea or meaning.

“Giving omiyage is considered a gesture of goodwill, aiming to share the joy of one’s travels with others.”

3. Inclusivity (包括性, hōkatsusei): The practice or policy of including people who might otherwise be excluded or marginalized.

“The practice of omiyage promotes inclusivity, ensuring that friends and colleagues feel acknowledged and appreciated.”

4. Courtesy (礼儀, reigi): The showing of politeness in one’s attitude and behavior toward others.

“Omiyage are given out of courtesy, to show respect and appreciation for others’ help and support.”

5. Harmonious (調和のとれた, chōwa no toreta): Free from disagreement or dissent; having a consistent, orderly, and pleasing arrangement of parts.

“The exchange of omiyage helps maintain harmonious relationships, symbolizing the giver’s consideration and respect.”

No. 3:　 Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“To show one’s appreciation” (感謝を示す): To make a gesture or take action to express gratitude towards someone.

“Bringing back omiyage from a trip is a common way to show one’s appreciation for colleagues’ hard work during one’s absence.”

“In Japanese culture, giving omiyage is not just about the gift itself, but a means to show one’s appreciation and maintain social ties.”

No. 4:　 Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Reflecting on the sample answer, how do you think the tradition of omiyage contributes to the dynamics of personal and professional relationships in Japan?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve deeper into the cultural significance and modern practices of omiyage. Discuss how this tradition affects travelers’ experiences and the local economies of popular tourist destinations. Additionally, consider how the choice of omiyage reflects personal relationships and social hierarchies. How has the practice of omiyage evolved with the advent of online shopping and global travel? Finally, explore the balance between tradition and innovation in omiyage, looking at how new trends and preferences are shaping this enduring custom.

Lesson 36 　　Imperial Family

Topic Question：Can you describe the significance of the Imperial family in Japan?

No. 1: Introduction – First, try answering the question yourself.

The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer－ Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.　　　 　　　　

The Imperial family holds a deeply symbolic and cultural significance in Japan, embodying the nation’s history, traditions, and identity. As the oldest hereditary monarchy in the world, the Imperial family traces its lineage back to Emperor Jimmu, believed to be a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu, according to Shinto mythology. This divine connection establishes the Emperor as a pivotal figure in Japanese spirituality and culture. Although the role of the Emperor has evolved, particularly post-World War II, where it became largely ceremonial under the 1947 Constitution, the Imperial family continues to play a crucial role in rituals and ceremonies that are integral to Japanese society. Their presence in national events, celebrations, and disasters serves as a unifying symbol for the country, promoting values of peace, continuity, and national unity. Despite their lack of political power, the reverence for the Imperial family reflects the deep respect for tradition and the cultural heritage of Japan.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building – 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Hereditary (遺伝的な, iden-teki na): Passed down through generations in a family.

“The Imperial family is known for its hereditary monarchy, with the Emperor’s role passed down through generations.”

2. Lineage (系統, keitō): Direct descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree.

“The Imperial family’s lineage is highly respected in Japan, dating back over two millennia.”

3. Ceremonial (儀式的な, gishiki-teki na): Relating to or used for formal events of a religious or public nature.

“The Emperor’s duties are mostly ceremonial, involving participation in various traditional rituals and national ceremonies.”

4. Unity (統一, tōitsu): The state of being united or joined as a whole.

“The Imperial family symbolizes national unity, serving as a figurehead that binds the people of Japan together.”

5. Reverence (崇敬, sūkei): Deep respect for someone or something.

“The reverence for the Imperial family in Japan is evident in the public’s participation in Imperial ceremonies and observance of traditions.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“A pillar of society” (社会の柱): A fundamental part of the community that provides support and stability.

“The Imperial family acts as a pillar of society in Japan, embodying the nation’s traditions and values.”

“Through their symbolic presence and participation in cultural rituals, the Imperial family serves as a pillar of society, reinforcing the continuity of Japanese heritage.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Considering the sample answer, how do you perceive the balance between the symbolic significance of the Imperial family and the modern democratic values of Japan?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve deeper into the role of the Imperial family in contemporary Japan. Discuss how their public engagements and participation in cultural events influence Japanese society and international perceptions of Japan. Additionally, consider the challenges and opportunities the Imperial family faces in maintaining relevance in a rapidly changing world. How do they adapt to modern societal values while preserving their traditional roles and significance? Finally, explore the public’s interest in and media coverage of the Imperial family. How does this attention impact their private lives and the broader perception of the monarchy in Japan and abroad?

Lesson 35 　Ryokan

Topic Question：What are “ryokan” and how do they offer a traditional Japanese lodging experience?

No. 1: 　Introduction – First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer－ Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.　　　 　　　

A ryokan is a type of traditional Japanese inn that offers guests an authentic experience of Japanese hospitality and lifestyle. Characterized by tatami-matted rooms, sliding doors, and communal baths (often hot springs, or onsen), ryokans provide a serene and culturally rich environment. Guests are usually provided with yukata (casual summer kimono) to wear during their stay, enhancing the traditional feel. Meals served in ryokans are typically kaiseki, a multi-course meal showcasing seasonal and local specialties. The experience is not just about lodging but immersing oneself in Japanese culture, from the architecture and interior design reflecting Japanese aesthetics to the emphasis on omotenashi, or wholehearted hospitality. Staying at a ryokan offers a glimpse into the traditional Japanese way of life, prioritizing harmony, respect, and a connection with nature.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building – 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Hospitality (おもてなし, omotenashi): The friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.

“Omotenashi, the Japanese approach to hospitality, is deeply ingrained in the ryokan experience, focusing on attentive but unobtrusive service.”

2. Tatami (畳): A type of mat used as a flooring material in traditional Japanese rooms, made of woven straw.

“Ryokan rooms are traditionally furnished with tatami mats, offering a unique texture and aroma that contribute to the authentic ambiance.”

3. Communal baths (共同浴場, kyōdō yokujo): Public bathing facilities shared by guests, often separated by gender, and can include hot spring baths.

“Many ryokans feature communal baths, providing a relaxing and communal space for guests to unwind.”

4. Kaiseki (懐石): A traditional multi-course Japanese dinner that emphasizes seasonal ingredients and presentation.

“Dining at a ryokan often includes a kaiseki meal, allowing guests to savor the intricacies of Japanese cuisine.”

5. Yukata (浴衣): A casual version of the kimono, typically made of cotton, worn during the summer or at home as a light robe.

“Guests at ryokans are often provided with yukata, enhancing the traditional experience and offering comfort and ease during their stay.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“A home away from home” (第二の家): A place where one is as happy, relaxed, or comfortable as in one’s own home.

“Ryokans strive to be ‘a home away from home,’ offering a warm and welcoming atmosphere that allows guests to feel at ease in a traditional setting.”

“Staying in a ryokan, with its meticulous attention to comfort and hospitality, truly feels like finding ‘a home away from home’ in the heart of Japan.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Reflecting on the sample answer, how do ryokans preserve traditional Japanese culture and values in their operations and services?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve deeper into the significance of ryokans in promoting Japanese culture. Discuss how the design and architecture of ryokans contribute to their aesthetic and atmospheric appeal. Additionally, consider how ryokans compare to modern hotels in terms of the lodging experience. What aspects of staying in a ryokan do you think are most appealing to both domestic and international travelers? Finally, explore the challenges ryokans might face in maintaining traditional practices in the modern era and how they can innovate while preserving their cultural heritage.

Lesson 34　　 Traditional Sports and Martial Arts

Topic Question：What are some traditional Japanese sports and martial arts?

No. 1: 　Introduction – First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer－ Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.　　　 　　　

Traditional Japanese sports and martial arts, known collectively as “budō,” have been an integral part of Japan’s cultural heritage for centuries. Sumo, perhaps the most famous traditional sport, is a form of wrestling that has its origins in ancient rituals. Kendo, or “the way of the sword,” involves dueling with bamboo swords and protective gear, reflecting the practices of samurai warriors. Judo, meaning “the gentle way,” is a martial art focusing on throws and grappling, emphasizing the principle of using an opponent’s force against them. Karate, which translates to “empty hand,” involves striking techniques using the hands and feet, and was developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom before spreading to mainland Japan. Lastly, Kyudo, or “the way of the bow,” is the Japanese art of archery, known for its ceremonial aspects and emphasis on precision, form, and meditation.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building – 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Budō (武道): The martial ways of Japan, encompassing traditional sports and martial arts with a philosophy that emphasizes self-improvement, discipline, and respect.

“Practicing budō, such as kendo or judo, is not only about physical training but also about developing character and understanding the spirit of the martial arts.”

2. Rituals (儀式, gishiki): Ceremonial acts or series of acts performed in a prescribed order, often with symbolic meaning.

“Sumo wrestling is rich in rituals that date back to ancient times, reflecting its religious origins and cultural significance.”

3. Grappling (組み技, kumiwaza): Techniques used in various martial arts that involve wrestling or close combat, focusing on gaining a physical advantage over an opponent.

“Judo is renowned for its emphasis on grappling techniques, allowing practitioners to defeat larger opponents by leveraging balance and leverage.”

4. Striking (打撃, dageki): The action of hitting or attacking an opponent, commonly used in martial arts such as karate.

“Karate teaches various striking techniques using the hands and feet, aimed at disabling an opponent quickly and effectively.”

5. Precision (精密さ, seimitsusa): The quality of being accurate and exact.

“Kyudo, the Japanese art of archery, values precision highly, requiring archers to perform with meticulous attention to detail and form.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“Mind over matter” (精神が物質を制す): The use of willpower to overcome physical limitations.

“In the practice of traditional Japanese martial arts, ‘mind over matter’ is a fundamental principle, teaching practitioners to transcend physical limitations through mental discipline and focus.”

“The philosophy of ‘mind over matter’ is evident in Kyudo, where achieving the perfect shot is as much about mental concentration and clarity as it is about physical skill.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Based on the sample answer, how do traditional Japanese sports and martial arts contribute to personal and societal values in Japan?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve deeper into the world of traditional Japanese sports and martial arts. Discuss the historical context of these practices and how they have evolved over time. Additionally, consider their role in modern Japanese society and the global martial arts community. What challenges do traditional disciplines face in maintaining relevance and interest among younger generations? Finally, explore the international appeal of Japanese martial arts. How have these practices influenced global perceptions of Japan, and what aspects of these martial arts have been adapted or adopted by other cultures?

Lesson 33　　 Nihonshu (Sake)

Topic Question： What is “nihonshu” (sake), and how is it traditionally consumed?

No. 1: 　Introduction – First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer－ Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.　　　 　　　

Nihonshu, commonly known as sake outside of Japan, is a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice. Its production process is unique and involves multiple steps: polishing the rice to remove the bran, fermenting it with water, yeast, and koji (a type of mold that breaks down the rice starch into sugars), and then pressing, filtering, and pasteurizing the mixture. Traditionally, sake is consumed in small ceramic cups called “ochoko” and served from a flask known as “tokkuri.” It can be enjoyed warm or cold, depending on the type of sake and personal preference. The serving temperature greatly affects the flavor and aroma. Traditionally, sake plays a central role in Japanese ceremonies and festivities, symbolizing purification and bringing people together.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building – 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Fermented (発酵された, hakkō sareta): Undergone a chemical process by which microorganisms like yeast produce an alcoholic beverage through the fermentation of sugars in the rice.

“Nihonshu is a fermented beverage, its unique taste derived from the careful process of converting rice sugars into alcohol.”

2. Polishing (精米, seimai): The act of removing the outer bran layer from rice grains, which is a crucial step in the production of high-quality sake.

“The degree of rice polishing affects the flavor and quality of nihonshu, with higher polish ratios leading to finer sake.”

3. Pasteurizing (低温殺菌, teion sakkin): The process of heating a food, usually liquid, to a specific temperature to slow microbial growth, ensuring the sake’s stability and longevity.

“Pasteurizing sake helps preserve its flavor and prevents spoilage, allowing it to be stored for longer periods.”

4. Ceremonies (儀式, gishiki): Formal religious or public occasions, typically involving a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order.

“Sake holds a significant place in Japanese ceremonies, embodying purity and the spirit of communal sharing.”

5. Ochoko (お猪口): A small cup used to drink sake, part of the traditional serving set that includes the tokkuri.

“Sake is traditionally served in an ochoko, which is filled from a tokkuri, allowing for moderate consumption and appreciation of the sake’s flavor.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“The finer things in life” (人生の上質な楽しみ): Refers to the appreciation of high-quality and sophisticated experiences or items.

“Enjoying a well-crafted nihonshu is akin to appreciating the finer things in life, highlighting the importance of quality and tradition.”

“For connoisseurs, the ritual of drinking sake from an ochoko represents the finer things in life, a moment to savor the depth and complexity of flavors.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Reflecting on the sample answer, how does the traditional method of consuming sake enhance the experience of enjoying this beverage?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve deeper into the world of nihonshu. Discuss the different varieties of sake and how they are produced, including the impact of rice polishing ratios, yeast strains, and brewing techniques on the flavor profile. Additionally, consider how modern innovations and global influences are shaping the sake industry today. What are some challenges and opportunities facing sake producers as they strive to maintain tradition while appealing to a global audience? Finally, explore the cultural significance of sake in contemporary Japan and how it is being reimagined in the culinary world. How is sake being integrated into modern dining experiences, both within Japan and internationally?

Lesson 32　　Japanese Gardens

Topic Question： Can you explain the significance of Japanese gardens?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

No. 1:　 Introduction – First, try answering the question yourself.

The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer－ Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.　　　 　　　

Japanese gardens are much more than aesthetically pleasing landscapes; they are a form of art that reflects the philosophical and spiritual ideals of Japan. Rooted in Shinto, Buddhist, and Taoist philosophies, these gardens are designed to replicate natural landscapes in a more idealized form, promoting peace and tranquility. Elements such as rocks, water, bridges, and lanterns are not placed randomly but are carefully arranged to symbolize different aspects of nature and life, like permanence and the flow of time. The concept of “wabi-sabi,” appreciating the beauty in imperfection and transience, is also a significant aspect of Japanese gardens. They serve as a space for meditation and reflection, encouraging visitors to contemplate the deeper meanings of life and to find harmony with the natural world.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building – 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Aesthetically (美学的に, bigakutekini): In a way that relates to the appreciation of beauty.

“Japanese gardens are designed aesthetically to evoke a sense of beauty and serenity.”

2. Philosophical (哲学的, tetsugakuteki): Relating to or devoted to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence.

“The design of Japanese gardens is deeply philosophical, reflecting the principles of harmony and simplicity.”

3. Tranquility (静けさ, shizukesa): The quality or state of being tranquil; calm.

“One of the main goals of Japanese gardens is to create an atmosphere of tranquility and peace.”

4. Wabi-sabi (侘寂): A Japanese aesthetic concept that finds beauty in imperfection and impermanence.

“The concept of wabi-sabi is central to the design of Japanese gardens, emphasizing simplicity and the beauty of aging.”

5. Harmony (調和, chōwa): The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole.

“Japanese gardens are designed to achieve harmony between man-made structures and the natural landscape.”

No. 3:　 Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“A picture is worth a thousand words” (一画千言): Suggests that a complex idea can be conveyed with just a single image, or that an image conveys its meaning more effectively than a description does.

“A stroll through a Japanese garden is like witnessing ‘a picture is worth a thousand words,’ where every element tells a story of nature and harmony.”

“In understanding the significance of Japanese gardens, ‘a picture is worth a thousand words,’ as the visual experience conveys much more than words can express about their beauty and depth.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Based on the sample answer, in what ways do you think Japanese gardens reflect the cultural and spiritual values of Japan?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s explore further the cultural significance and various styles of Japanese gardens. How do different types of Japanese gardens (such as Zen gardens, stroll gardens, tea gardens) serve different purposes and reflect different aspects of Japanese culture? Additionally, consider how the principles behind Japanese gardens can be applied to modern landscaping and urban design. How do these gardens influence contemporary architecture and outdoor spaces? Finally, discuss the global appeal of Japanese gardens and how they have been adapted or recreated outside Japan. What aspects of Japanese gardens do you think resonate most with people around the world?

Lesson 31 　　Sumo

No. 1:　 Introduction – First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer－ Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.　　　 　　　

Sumo wrestling is a traditional Japanese sport with a rich history that dates back over a thousand years. Its origins can be traced to the Shinto religion, where it was performed as a ritual to entertain the Shinto gods (kami) with the hope of ensuring a bountiful harvest. Early sumo matches were more about performing these rituals than the competition itself. Over time, sumo evolved into a professional sport during the Edo Period (1603-1868), with formal rules and a ring, or dohyo, being established. The sport has retained many of its ritualistic elements, including the purification of the ring with salt before matches, which reflects its spiritual roots. Today, sumo wrestling is not only a competitive sport but also a living testament to Japanese culture and tradition.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building – 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Ritual (儀式, gishiki): A religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order.

“Sumo wrestling originated as a ritual within the Shinto religion to pray for a good harvest.”

2. Harvest (収穫, shūkaku): The process or period of gathering in crops.

“The sumo ritual was performed as a form of prayer for a bountiful harvest, crucial for the agricultural society of ancient Japan.”

3. Evolve (進化する, shinka suru): Develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form.

“Over centuries, sumo wrestling evolved from a religious ceremony to a professional sport with established rules.”

4. Purification (浄化, jōka): The act of making something spiritually or ceremonially clean.

“The purification of the sumo ring with salt before matches is a tradition that honors the sport’s spiritual origins.”

5. Testament (証, akashi): Something that serves as a sign or evidence of a fact or event.

“Sumo wrestling is a living testament to Japan’s rich cultural heritage and traditions.”

No. 3:　 Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“Stand the test of time” (時の試練に耐える): To remain useful or valued over a long period of time; to last a long time.

“Sumo wrestling has stood the test of time, maintaining its cultural significance and popularity in Japan for over a millennium.”

“The rituals and traditions of sumo, having stood the test of time, continue to fascinate not only the Japanese but people around the world.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Reflecting on the sample answer, how does the historical background of sumo wrestling contribute to its current practices and cultural significance?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve deeper into the cultural and historical aspects of sumo wrestling. Discuss how sumo has adapted to modern times while preserving its traditional values. What are the challenges faced by the sumo industry today, and how are they being addressed? Additionally, consider sumo’s role in international sports and cultural exchange. How is sumo perceived outside Japan, and what can be done to promote a deeper understanding and appreciation of this sport globally? Finally, explore the potential future of sumo wrestling as both a sport and a cultural heritage.

Lesson 30 　Pop Music and Its Industry

No. 1: 　Introduction – First, try answering the question yourself.

The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer－ Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Japanese pop music, often known as J-Pop, has several unique aspects that distinguish it from Western pop music. One notable feature is the concept of “idol” groups. These are bands made up of young performers who are often trained for years by entertainment agencies in singing, dancing, and public relations. Another distinct characteristic is the wide variety of genres within J-Pop, from traditional Japanese sounds to modern electronic influences. The industry also heavily promotes cross-media projects, where music groups are involved in anime, dramas, and commercials, creating a multifaceted approach to marketing and fan engagement. Additionally, J-Pop artists frequently release singles with multiple A-sides, offering more new music with each release than is typical in the West.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building – 5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Idol (アイドル, aidoru): A pop star, particularly in Japan, often young and cultivated by agencies for their image and ability to influence fans.

“Idol groups in Japan undergo extensive training before debuting, encompassing not just musical talents but also dance and public speaking skills.”

2. Genre (ジャンル, janru): A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

“J-Pop encompasses a diverse range of genres, blending traditional Japanese elements with pop, rock, and electronic music.”

3. Cross-media (クロスメディア, kurosumedia): Involving more than one medium of expression or communication, such as combining music with television, movies, or video games.

“Many J-Pop artists participate in cross-media projects, contributing to soundtracks and making appearances in anime and dramas.”

4. Engagement (エンゲージメント, enge-jimento): The act of being involved or engaged in something, particularly in terms of audience or fan interaction.

“The J-Pop industry places a high value on fan engagement, often holding events where fans can meet and interact with their favorite idols.”

5. A-sides (A面, A-men): The songs on a single or album that are promoted or considered to be the main tracks.

“J-Pop singles often feature multiple A-sides, providing fans with more content and variety with each release.”

No. 3:　 Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“Break the mold” (型にはまらない): To do something in a new and different way that is not based on previous forms or styles.

“Many J-Pop artists break the mold by experimenting with unconventional music styles and creating unique personas that stand out in the industry.”

“By integrating traditional instruments into pop music, certain J-Pop bands break the mold, offering listeners a fresh and innovative sound.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Based on the sample answer, what do you think are the key factors contributing to the global appeal of J-Pop and its unique position in the music industry?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5:　 Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s explore further the impact of J-Pop both within Japan and internationally. How do J-Pop and its idols influence fashion, language, and youth culture in Japan? Additionally, consider how the global spread of J-Pop compares to other international music phenomena, such as K-Pop. What challenges and opportunities does the Japanese pop music industry face in maintaining its uniqueness while appealing to a global audience? Finally, discuss the role of technology and social media in the promotion and distribution of J-Pop music.